da meow bio/biochem

what kind of cells have cell walls?

ALL prokaryotic cells

SOME eukaryotic cells

what cells have peptidoglycan?

Bacteria, specifically prokaryotic cells, comes w cell wall

neurotransmitter pathway pre-post ganglion for sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons

SYMPATHETIC: ACh, norepinephrine

• short, long

PARASYMPATHETIC: ACh, ACh

• long, short

total gametes produced in a single cycle of spermatogenesis and oogenesis

spermatogenesis:

• 4 haploid sperm cells

oogenesis:

• 1 haploid ovum, 2-3 polar bodies

what is transformation

Transformation is the process by which a cell takes up foreign DNA from its environment, resulting in genetic change. This mechanism is commonly observed in bacteria.

what is transduction

Transduction is the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another, facilitating genetic variation and adaptation. This mechanism often involves bacteriophages, which infect bacterial cells.

what is conjugation

Conjugation is the process by which two bacteria connect and transfer genetic material through a direct physical connection, often via a sex pilus. This process promotes genetic diversity and can involve plasmids.

• can include f factor (fertility plasmid)

disulphide bond are present in which protein structure(s)?

tertiary and quaternary

dehydration synthesis

formation of peptide bond by removing water

western blotting

separate proteins based on size and charge

vmax=

vmax = kcat[e]

size exclusion chromatography separates molecules by

• LARGE molecules = cannot go through pores = EASILY pass through column

• SMALL molecules = get stuck in pores = SLOWLY pass through column

pH range of an amino acid using henderson hasselbach equation

pH = pKa + log [deprotonated]/[protonated]

• ONLY in ionizable amino acids: HER DYCK