Bio stuff

Carbon

Carbon

Life's molecular diversity is based on the properties of _____

Organic Compounds

_______ are molecules that are carbon-based and must have at least CH in it, sometimes O.

Isomers

_____ are compounds with the same formula but different structures. Since structure determines the function, these may have different functions.

Hydrocarbons, methane

_______ are molecules with only carbon and hydrogen. ____, CH4, is an example of this.

Length, double bonds, branching, rings

The four ways in which carbon skeletons can vary: __________

Fats

Hydrocarbons are rare in living organisms but can be found sometimes, such as the hydrocarbon chains that ____ have.

4

Carbon has ___ valence electrons, meaning it can bond a lot which is why it is so important.

Chemical

A few _____ groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules

Functional

______ groups are polar and affect a molecule's function by participating in chemical reactions

Hydrophilic

_____: water loving

Hydrophobic

_____: water hating

OH

Hydroxyl group formula

C=O

Carbonyl group formula

COOH

Carboxyl group formula

NH2

Amino group formula

OPO3

Phosphate group formula

CH3

Methyl group formula

SH

Sulfhydryl group formula

Alcohols

Organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups are called ______

Reactive

The more hydroxyl groups something has, the more ____ it is

carbon skeleton

Carbonyl groups can be found in a ______

Carbonyl, hydroxyl

Simple sugars have _____ and _____ groups

Ketone, less, fructose

A ____ is when the carbonyl group is not at the end, and it is ____ reactive. An example is _____

Aldehyde, very, glucose

A ________ is when the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton, and it is ____ reactive. An example is _____

Acid, contributing

A carboxyl group can act as an _____, ____ H+ to a solution

Carboxylic

Things with carboxyl groups are called ______ acids.

Base, taking

An amino group can act as a _____, ______ H+ from a solution

Amines

Things with amino groups are called ______

Proteins, amino, carboxyl

Amino acids are the building blocks of _____, which have an ____ and ____ group.

Organic phosphates, adenosine triphosphate

Things with phosphate groups are called _______. _______ (ATP) is an example of this.

Methylated compounds, genes

Things with methyl groups are called _______ and affect the expression of ______.

Disulfide bridge, hydrogen gas

Sulfhydryl groups bonded together form a _________ and a byproduct is _______

Macromolecules

_________ are gigantic molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Polymers

_____ are chains of small molecules

Monomers

_______ are building blocks of polymers

Hydrolysis

________ is the reaction that breaks polymers into monomers

Dehydration

The ______ reaction is the reaction that links monomers together

Enzymes

_______ are specialized macromolecules (protein) that speed up chemical reactions in cells (catalyst)

CH2O

Monosaccharides are always a multiple of ______

C6H12O6

Glucose has a formula of ________

Hydroxyl, carbonyl

Sugars have some _____ groups and one ____ group

rings

When a monosaccharide is in an aqueous solution, it has the form of _____

Hydrophobic

Lipids share the same ______ trait

Hydrocarbon

Fat molecules have _____ chains

Saturated

_____ fat: has no double bond

Unsaturated

_____ fat: has at least 1 double bond

Trans

_____ fat: was changed from unsaturated fat to saturated by adding hydrogen

C-H

Fats are hydrophobic because the _____ bonds are nonpolar in the tails

Amino acids

_______ are the backbones of proteins

N-C-C

An amino acid has the backbone of:

Peptide

Amino acids are joined together through ____ bonds

Amino, carboxyl

Protein is an ____ group connected to a carbon (with R group) connected to _____ group.

Globular, fibrous

The shape of a protein can be referred to as _____ or ______

Phosphate, CH2, deoxyribose, nitrogenous

A nucleotide is a _____ group connected to _____ connected to _______ (sugar) connected to a ______ base (which can be A, T, C, or G)

Polynucleotide

A _______ is a bunch of nucleotides connected

Sugar-phosphate

A polynucleotide has a ______ backbone

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

Nitrogenous bases: ____, ____ (or uracil), ____, ____

Thymine

Adenine bonds with _______ (or uracil)

Guanine

Cytosine bonds with _____

Uracil

RNA has _____ instead of thymine

Double-helix

Two polynucleotides twist to form a ______ which is DNA

Transcription, translation

The process of building a protein: DNA --> _____ to RNA --> _____ to Protein

Ester

An ____ bond bonds fatty acids to the glycerol backbone

Phosphodiester

A _________ bond

Phosphate group

What functional group is a buffer?