sociology semester 1 exam review

Sociology

Systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society

Perspective

A way to understand human behavoir by placing it in its broader social context

Imagination

our experiences are effected by society and the times we live in

Auguste Comte

father of sociology

Positivism

Comte; understanding things based on postive knowledge, sureness, science.

Emile Durkhiem

He studied ties that bond society together

Karl Marx

He believed sociologists should help improve society, studies the struggles between owners and workers

Max Weber

He studied the industrial revoultion and said that sociolgists have to be unbiased.

Rationalization

Weber; traditional societies emphasize emotion and personal ties while modern societies emphasize efficiency and self-control

Harriet Martianeau

She was a feminist and reasearcher, translated Comte’s work into English

Herbert Spenser

He created social darwinism

Social Darwinism

Survival of the fittest society, will overtake all inferoir societies.

American sociology

Valued freedom and welfare, studied at American, modern universities.

University of Chicago

The 1st department of sociology in the US

WEB Du Bois

He studied inequalities based on race and the social processes that contributed to racial separation

Ida Wells-Barnett

She argued that societies can be judged on wether the principles they claim to believe in match their actions

Contemporary sociology

Involes critcal theory, feminism and post-modernism

Theory

a statement of how and why specific facts are related

Theoretical paradigms

sets of assumptions that guide thinking and research

Functionalist perspective

Stable patterns; Society is a system whose parts work together in order to promote solidarity and stability, consequences

Social-conflict perspective

Society is full of ineqaliity, which creates conflict and need for change, benefits the wealthy and deprives the poor

Symbolic-Interaction perspective

Society is the product of everyday interaction of individuals, everyone has thier own thoughts, views, experiences, etc.

Functional consequence

action with postive outcome

Dysfunctional consequence

actions with negative outcomes

Manifest functions

intended consequences

latent functions

unintended consequences

social dysfunctions

undesirable consequences

Macro-level orientation

large-scale change

Micro-level orientation

small-scale change; focuses on patterns of social interactions

Social-exchange theory

people weigh benefits and risks of personal relationships

Applied sociology

use of sociology to real world problems

Clinical sociology

paitents; to address medical and psycological issues

Globalization

development of economic, political and social relationships stretched worldwide

life structure

combination of status, roles, activities, goals, views, life circumstances

novice phase

1st three stages in levinson’s development stages. includes, early adult transition (17-22), entering adulthood (23-27), and age 30 transition (28-32)

frieze and sales

created the three phases of female development

work

preforming tasks nessacry to produce a good or service

labor force

all individuals (16+) who are employed in paied positions or seeking employment

infomal economy

people not paied for their services

profession

required specialized skills and knowledge

outsourcing

moving busniesses outside national borders

gerontology

study of the physical aspects of aging

social gerontology

study of non-physical aspects of aging

adolesence

period between normal onset of puberty and the begining of adulthood

anticipatory socialization

learning rights, obligations, expectations of a status in preparing for that status at a future date

dating

meeting people for romantic engagement

courtship

express purpose of marriage

marriage

timed by age at which a man aqired property nessucary to support a family

willard waller

did a study of dating-people date of simlar ranks

homogamy

a tendecy for people to marry people whi have social characteristics like thier own

social intergration

degree of attachment people have to those around them

society

a group of people who share a culture and live together

institution

principle social structures that organize, direct, and execute the essential tasks of living

social structure

stable patterns of peoples interactions and relationships

social interactions

ways people respond to each other

status

position in society

ascribed status

assigned to us at birth

achived stauts

secured based on individual choice

master statuses

key status that carry primary weight in a persons interactions and relatioships with others

roles

rights and obligations

rights

behavoirs one expects from others

obligations

behavoirs one is expected to do

role expectations

behavoir expected of a person in a status

role preformance

actual behavior of the person who occupies a status

role set

single status may have muliple roles

social role

set of expectations for people who have a given social position or status

role conflict

when incompatible expectations arise from two or more statuses held by the same person

role strain

difficulty that arises when the same social position (status) imposes conflicting demands and expectations

role exit

disengangment from a role

group

2 or more people bound in a social interaction

primary group

small group with personal contact and strong ties

secondary group

formal group with relatively distant ties

in-group

group to which people feel they belong

out-group

group to which people feel they dont belong

refrence group

individuals use this group as standard for evaluating themselves and thier own behavoir

coalition

temporary or permanent allience geared toward a common goal

bureaucracy

formal organization that uses rules and hierarchal ranking to acheive efficiency

5 characteristics of bureaucracy

divison of labor, hierarchy of authoriety, written rules and regulations, impersonality, employment based on technical qualifications

peter principle

every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to thier level of incompetence

bureaucratization

process by which a insitution increasing relies on techinical rational decision making

mcdonaldization

process by which the principles of bureacry shape the organization and decison making

iron law of oligarchy

democratic organization will develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few (oligarchy)

personality

sum of the total behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values of an individual

heredity

genetic charateristics from parent to child

instinct

unchanging biological inherited behavior pattens

social environment

experiences and learned behavior that develops “you”

parlovs dogs

showed dogs could salivate when they hear a bell

sociobiology

study of the biological basis of all social behavior

aptitude

capacity to learn a skill or knowledge

institutionalization

being placed or kept in a residential institution

socialization

process through which ppl learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of a society

self

awareness that you are an individual

tabula rasa

clean slate

Charles Horton Cooley theory

“Looking-glass self” we develop an imaage of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others

George Herbert Mead theory

role taking, not only we see oursleves as others see us, but we take on the roles that others have

role taking

learn to see oursleves through the eyes of others and we act accordingly

I

unsolicisted, spontaneous, self-intersested