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Sociology
Systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society
Perspective
A way to understand human behavoir by placing it in its broader social context
Imagination
our experiences are effected by society and the times we live in
Auguste Comte
father of sociology
Positivism
Comte; understanding things based on postive knowledge, sureness, science.
Emile Durkhiem
He studied ties that bond society together
Karl Marx
He believed sociologists should help improve society, studies the struggles between owners and workers
Max Weber
He studied the industrial revoultion and said that sociolgists have to be unbiased.
Rationalization
Weber; traditional societies emphasize emotion and personal ties while modern societies emphasize efficiency and self-control
Harriet Martianeau
She was a feminist and reasearcher, translated Comte’s work into English
Herbert Spenser
He created social darwinism
Social Darwinism
Survival of the fittest society, will overtake all inferoir societies.
American sociology
Valued freedom and welfare, studied at American, modern universities.
University of Chicago
The 1st department of sociology in the US
WEB Du Bois
He studied inequalities based on race and the social processes that contributed to racial separation
Ida Wells-Barnett
She argued that societies can be judged on wether the principles they claim to believe in match their actions
Contemporary sociology
Involes critcal theory, feminism and post-modernism
Theory
a statement of how and why specific facts are related
Theoretical paradigms
sets of assumptions that guide thinking and research
Functionalist perspective
Stable patterns; Society is a system whose parts work together in order to promote solidarity and stability, consequences
Social-conflict perspective
Society is full of ineqaliity, which creates conflict and need for change, benefits the wealthy and deprives the poor
Symbolic-Interaction perspective
Society is the product of everyday interaction of individuals, everyone has thier own thoughts, views, experiences, etc.
Functional consequence
action with postive outcome
Dysfunctional consequence
actions with negative outcomes
Manifest functions
intended consequences
latent functions
unintended consequences
social dysfunctions
undesirable consequences
Macro-level orientation
large-scale change
Micro-level orientation
small-scale change; focuses on patterns of social interactions
Social-exchange theory
people weigh benefits and risks of personal relationships
Applied sociology
use of sociology to real world problems
Clinical sociology
paitents; to address medical and psycological issues
Globalization
development of economic, political and social relationships stretched worldwide
life structure
combination of status, roles, activities, goals, views, life circumstances
novice phase
1st three stages in levinson’s development stages. includes, early adult transition (17-22), entering adulthood (23-27), and age 30 transition (28-32)
frieze and sales
created the three phases of female development
work
preforming tasks nessacry to produce a good or service
labor force
all individuals (16+) who are employed in paied positions or seeking employment
infomal economy
people not paied for their services
profession
required specialized skills and knowledge
outsourcing
moving busniesses outside national borders
gerontology
study of the physical aspects of aging
social gerontology
study of non-physical aspects of aging
adolesence
period between normal onset of puberty and the begining of adulthood
anticipatory socialization
learning rights, obligations, expectations of a status in preparing for that status at a future date
dating
meeting people for romantic engagement
courtship
express purpose of marriage
marriage
timed by age at which a man aqired property nessucary to support a family
willard waller
did a study of dating-people date of simlar ranks
homogamy
a tendecy for people to marry people whi have social characteristics like thier own
social intergration
degree of attachment people have to those around them
society
a group of people who share a culture and live together
institution
principle social structures that organize, direct, and execute the essential tasks of living
social structure
stable patterns of peoples interactions and relationships
social interactions
ways people respond to each other
status
position in society
ascribed status
assigned to us at birth
achived stauts
secured based on individual choice
master statuses
key status that carry primary weight in a persons interactions and relatioships with others
roles
rights and obligations
rights
behavoirs one expects from others
obligations
behavoirs one is expected to do
role expectations
behavoir expected of a person in a status
role preformance
actual behavior of the person who occupies a status
role set
single status may have muliple roles
social role
set of expectations for people who have a given social position or status
role conflict
when incompatible expectations arise from two or more statuses held by the same person
role strain
difficulty that arises when the same social position (status) imposes conflicting demands and expectations
role exit
disengangment from a role
group
2 or more people bound in a social interaction
primary group
small group with personal contact and strong ties
secondary group
formal group with relatively distant ties
in-group
group to which people feel they belong
out-group
group to which people feel they dont belong
refrence group
individuals use this group as standard for evaluating themselves and thier own behavoir
coalition
temporary or permanent allience geared toward a common goal
bureaucracy
formal organization that uses rules and hierarchal ranking to acheive efficiency
5 characteristics of bureaucracy
divison of labor, hierarchy of authoriety, written rules and regulations, impersonality, employment based on technical qualifications
peter principle
every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to thier level of incompetence
bureaucratization
process by which a insitution increasing relies on techinical rational decision making
mcdonaldization
process by which the principles of bureacry shape the organization and decison making
iron law of oligarchy
democratic organization will develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few (oligarchy)
personality
sum of the total behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values of an individual
heredity
genetic charateristics from parent to child
instinct
unchanging biological inherited behavior pattens
social environment
experiences and learned behavior that develops “you”
parlovs dogs
showed dogs could salivate when they hear a bell
sociobiology
study of the biological basis of all social behavior
aptitude
capacity to learn a skill or knowledge
institutionalization
being placed or kept in a residential institution
socialization
process through which ppl learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of a society
self
awareness that you are an individual
tabula rasa
clean slate
Charles Horton Cooley theory
“Looking-glass self” we develop an imaage of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others
George Herbert Mead theory
role taking, not only we see oursleves as others see us, but we take on the roles that others have
role taking
learn to see oursleves through the eyes of others and we act accordingly
I
unsolicisted, spontaneous, self-intersested
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