Biology 101!

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA

Ribonucleic acid

Phosphate

Group

Pentose

Sugar

Nitrogen base

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

DNA

Adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine

RNA

Adenine and uracil, cytosine and guanine

Dehydration synthesis

Process of making nucleotides

Hydrolysis

Process of breaking down nucleotides

Pyrimidines

Cytosine, thymine, uracil

Purines

Adenine and guanine (two-ring structure)

Hydrogen bonds

Responsible for binding water molecules together

Starch

Monomer is glucose

Lipids

Not a true polymer

Enzymes

Usually considered proteins

Enzymes

Speed up rate of reaction by lowering activation energy

Matter

Exists as solid, liquid, gas (all of these)

Element

Substance that cannot be broken down into smaller parts and maintains properties of original process

Degradation hydrolysis

Process of breaking down macromolecules

Water

Does not have low heat capacity (False)

Adhesion

Ability of water molecules to cling to other polar surfaces

Electronegativity

Ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself

Cohesion

Ability of water molecules to cling to other water molecules

Buffer

Chemical or combination of chemicals that keep pH within normal limits

Organic molecules

All four classes contain oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon

Isomers

Organic molecules with identical molecular formulas but different atomic structure arrangements

Carbohydrates

Simple sugars

Carbohydrates

Subunit is monosaccharides

Proteins

Subunit is amino acids

Nucleic acids

Subunit is nucleotide

Proteins

Responsible for directing the actions of the body (True)

Enzymes

Catalysts that kick-start reactions

Carbohydrates

Ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1

Carbohydrates

Mainly function as short-term energy storage

Proteins

Mainly function as directing the actions of the body

Nucleic acids

Mainly function as genetic material

Fat molecule

Glyceral + three distinct fatty acids

Phospholipid

Glycerol + 1 phosphate group + 2 fatty acids

Nucleotide

Phosphate group + pentose sugar + nitrogenous base

Macromolecules

Not mutually exclusive to each other (False)

Cellulose

Common polysaccharide polymer found in plant cell walls

Chitin

Common polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of some insects

Peptidoglycan

Common polysaccharide found in the cell wall of some bacteria

Starch

Polysaccharide used as energy storage in plants

Lipids

Large nonpolar organic molecules that are not soluble in water

Proteins

Aid in regulation, metabolism, motion, and transport

Protein

Consisting of a simple long chain of amino acids is primary structure

Protein

Consisting of a combination of alpha helix and pleated beta sheets along a continuous fold is tertiary structure

Protein

Consisting of either an alpha helix or beta or pleated beta sheet structure is secondary structure

Protein

Consisting of a complex folding of polypeptide proteins incorporating both alpha helix and pleated beta-sheet folds is quaternary structure

Prion disease symptoms

Short-term memory loss, slurred speech, ataxia, loss of mobility, bedridden, fed and hydrated intravenously, brain stem destruction, death

Prion disease treatment

Palliative care

Spontaneous development of prion disease

Probability is 80%

Saturated fat

Has single bonds between all carbons in its chain (e.g., lard)

Unsaturated fat

Has a double bond between at least one carbon pair, making a kink in the molecular configuration that is useful to the body (e.g., safflower oil)

Transmissible prion disease

Can be passed down from organism to organism through fluids and ingestion (including cannibalism)

Lipids

Function as cell membrane and long-term energy storage