Chapter 28: Protist

Haploid

cell containing half the number of potential chromosomes n

Diploid

Cell containing twice the number of potential chromosomes

Mitosis

One replication and division; identical daughter cells

Meiosis

one replication and two divisions; variety of haploid daughter cells

Gamete

Haploid cell; reproductive; can be produced through mitosis or meiosis

Syngamy

Fusion of two cells

Plasmogamy

First half of syngamy; cell membranes and cytoplasm fuse

Karyogamy

Second half of syngamy; nuclei fuse

Zygote

Product of syngamy between two gametes

Spore

Haploid reproductive cell designed for dormancy; can be n or 2n, can never become a gamete

Sexual reproduction

Reproduction that involves two differing organisms of the same species and the fusion of two gametes; results in genetically unique organisms

Asexual reproduction

Reproduction that involves a single organism duplication itself; results in genetically identical organism

Chromatophore

Peptidoglycan containing structure that allows for photosynthesis

Gametic meiosis

• Gametes (n, sperm and egg) join to form zygote (2n) zygote divides through mitosis to create diploid organism; gametes are formed through meiosis

  • Occurs in animals

Zygotic meiosis

• Gamete (n) joins to form zygote (2n)  which undergoes meiosis to form a haploid organism

  • Occurs in fungi

Sporic meiosis

• Gametes (n) join to form zygote (2n) zygote divides through meiosis or mitosis to form haploid (gametophyte) or diploid organism (sporophyte); Both can divide through mitosis (asexual reproduction)

  • Occurs plants and algae

Protist

Informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungi

Unicellular

Consisting of multiple cells

Mixotroph

An organism that uses multiple methods of producing energy

Endosymbiosis

A relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside or within another organism

Mitosome

Modified mitochondria

Parabasal organ

Protist organ similar to the golgi body, found in Parabasalia

Stigma

Red pigment spot that expands when exposed to certain wavelengths of light

Phototaxis

Movement related to light, involves stigmas

Fruiting body

spore-producing organ

Kinetoplast

Modified mitochondria of the phylum Kinetoplastida

Diatomaceous earth

When a large number of diatoms collect in one area and form a sand-like earth

Holdfast

"Anchor" that attaches brown algae to the sea floor

Stipe

Stem that supports the blades of brown algae

Blade

Leaf-like structure of brown algae

Heteromorphic

Sporophytes and gametophytes are structured differently

Isomorphic

Sporophytes and gametophytes are structured the same

Alveoli

Membrane- bound sacs

Apical complex

Structure that aids in penetration of the host cell, found in protist of Apicomplexa

Ciliary beating

Gradual and slow controlled movement of cilia

Osmoregulation

the maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in the fluids of an organism by the control of water and salt concentrations

Pseudopodia

Fake feet

Cytoplasmic streaming

Flow of cytoplasmic fluid to carry prey to the main part of the cell for consumption

Test(s)

Hard shells of some protist, consist of calcium carbonate

Plasmodium

mass of naked protoplasm containing many nuclei

Excavata

Posses feeding groove and have mitosomes and flagella

Diplomonadida

Part of the supergroup excavata; cannot use oxygen

Parabasalia

Part of the supergroup excavata; possesses a parabasal organ and modified mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that has hydrogen as a byproduct

Euglenozoa

Part of the supergroup excavata; flagellated protist that can be predatory, photosynthetic, or parasitic

Paraneme

Genus of euglenozoan; they are colorless and contain no chloroplasts, they get their green coloration from consumed algae

Euglena

Genus of euglenozoan; majority contain chloroplast and possess a stigma

Kinetoplastida

Part of the supergroup excavata; possess large modified mitochondria called kinetoplast

Stramenopiles

Protists that have numerous fine hair like flagella

Diatome

Lower classification of stramenopiles; photosynthetic and unicellular algae, possess glass-like walls made of silicon dioxide that can withstand high pressures

Brown algae

Lower classification of stramenopiles; largest and most complex algae multicellular and mostly marine, carotenoid pigments produce their brown color

Oomycetes

Lower classification of stramenopiles; possess hyphae and a cell wall made of cellulose

Alveolates

Protist that have membrane-bound sacks called alveoli under the plasma membrane

Dinoflagellates

Lower classification of alveolates; possess longitudinal and circumferential flagella

Apicomplexa

Lower classification of alveolates; possess a structure called the apical complex that aids in host cell penetration

Ciliates

Lower classification of alveolates; possess cilia and utilize ciliary beating, majority are predators

Rhizarians

Protist that possess pseudopodia, many are amoebas

Radiolarians

Lower classification of rhizarians; usually marine and possess a silica shell, symmetrical and utilizes cytoplasmic streaming that carries captured prey into the main part of the cell

Forams

Lower classification of rhizarians; possess porous shells called tests made of calcium carbonate, pseudopodia extend from pores

Cercozoans

Lower classification of rhizarians; thread-like pseudopodia, found in marine, freshwater, and soil ecosystem

Archaeplastida

Group of protists that are the closest living algal relatives of plants

Red algaes

Lower classification of archaeplastida; rhodophytes that contain phycoerythrin

Green algaes

Lower classification of archaeplastida; related to plants

Chlorophytes

Lower classification of green algae; majority are freshwater, green due to chlorophyll

Unikonta

Supergroups containing animals, plants, fungi, and some other protists

Amoebozoan

Lower classification of Unikonta; possess lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia

Slime mold

Lower classification of Unikonta; produce fruiting bodies that aid in spore dispersal, mycetozoans (fungus animals)

Plasmodial slime mold

Subgroup of slime molds; yellow or orange and form masses called plasmodium, extends pseudopodia into rotting organic matter and soil

Cellular slime mold

Subgroup of slime molds; utilize zygotic meiosis, found on forest floors

Entamoebas

Lower classification of amoebozoan; symbiotic parasite that can infect all vertebrates

What are the characteristics found in all eukaryotes

Membrane bound nucleus

Membrane bound organelles

Mitochondria

Sexual life cycles

Linear chromosomes

Cytoskeleton