Chapter 28: Protist

**Haploid**

cell containing half the number of potential chromosomes n

Diploid

Cell containing twice the number of potential chromosomes

Mitosis

One replication and division; identical daughter cells

Meiosis

one replication and two divisions; variety of haploid daughter cells

Gamete

Haploid cell; reproductive; can be produced through mitosis or meiosis

Syngamy

Fusion of two cells

Plasmogamy

First half of syngamy; cell membranes and cytoplasm fuse

Karyogamy

Second half of syngamy; nuclei fuse

Zygote

Product of syngamy between two gametes

Spore

Haploid reproductive cell designed for dormancy; can be n or 2n, can never become a gamete

Sexual reproduction

Reproduction that involves two differing organisms of the same species and the fusion of two gametes; results in genetically unique organisms

Asexual reproduction

Reproduction that involves a single organism duplication itself; results in genetically identical organism

Chromatophore

Peptidoglycan containing structure that allows for photosynthesis

Gametic meiosis

* Gametes (n, sperm and egg) join to form zygote (2n) zygote divides through mitosis to create diploid organism; gametes are formed through meiosis
* Occurs in animals

Zygotic meiosis

* Gamete (n) joins to form zygote (2n)  which undergoes meiosis to form a haploid organism
* Occurs in fungi

Sporic meiosis

* Gametes (n) join to form zygote (2n) zygote divides through meiosis or mitosis to form haploid (gametophyte) or diploid organism (sporophyte); Both can divide through mitosis (asexual reproduction) 
* Occurs plants and algae

Protist

Informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungi

Unicellular

Consisting of multiple cells

**Mixotroph**

An organism that uses multiple methods of producing energy

**Endosymbiosis**

A relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside or within another organism

**Mitosome**

Modified mitochondria

**Parabasal organ**

Protist organ similar to the golgi body, found in Parabasalia

**Stigma**

Red pigment spot that expands when exposed to certain wavelengths of light

**Phototaxis**

Movement related to light, involves stigmas

**Fruiting body**

spore-producing organ

**Kinetoplast**

Modified mitochondria of the phylum Kinetoplastida

**Diatomaceous earth**

When a large number of diatoms collect in one area and form a sand-like earth

**Holdfast**

"Anchor" that attaches brown algae to the sea floor

**Stipe**

Stem that supports the blades of brown algae

**Blade**

Leaf-like structure of brown algae

**Heteromorphic**

Sporophytes and gametophytes are structured differently

**Isomorphic**

Sporophytes and gametophytes are structured the same

**Alveoli**

Membrane- bound sacs

**Apical complex**

Structure that aids in penetration of the host cell, found in protist of Apicomplexa

**Ciliary beating**

Gradual and slow controlled movement of cilia

**Osmoregulation**

the maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in the fluids of an organism by the control of water and salt concentrations

**Pseudopodia**

Fake feet

**Cytoplasmic streaming**

Flow of cytoplasmic fluid to carry prey to the main part of the cell for consumption

**Test(s)**

Hard shells of some protist, consist of calcium carbonate

**Plasmodium**

mass of naked protoplasm containing many nuclei

**Excavata**

Posses feeding groove and have mitosomes and flagella

**Diplomonadida**

Part of the supergroup excavata; cannot use oxygen

**Parabasalia**

Part of the supergroup excavata; possesses a parabasal organ and modified mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that has hydrogen as a byproduct

**Euglenozoa**

Part of the supergroup excavata; flagellated protist that can be predatory, photosynthetic, or parasitic

**Paraneme**

Genus of euglenozoan; they are colorless and contain no chloroplasts, they get their green coloration from consumed algae

**Euglena**

Genus of euglenozoan; majority contain chloroplast and possess a stigma

**Kinetoplastida**

Part of the supergroup excavata; possess large modified mitochondria called kinetoplast

**Stramenopiles**

Protists that have numerous fine hair like flagella

**Diatome**

Lower classification of stramenopiles; photosynthetic and unicellular algae, possess glass-like walls made of silicon dioxide that can withstand high pressures

**Brown algae**

Lower classification of stramenopiles; largest and most complex algae multicellular and mostly marine, carotenoid pigments produce their brown color

**Oomycetes**

Lower classification of stramenopiles; possess hyphae and a cell wall made of cellulose

**Alveolates**

Protist that have membrane-bound sacks called alveoli under the plasma membrane

**Dinoflagellates**

Lower classification of alveolates; possess longitudinal and circumferential flagella

**Apicomplexa**

Lower classification of alveolates; possess a structure called the apical complex that aids in host cell penetration

**Ciliates**

Lower classification of alveolates; possess cilia and utilize ciliary beating, majority are predators

**Rhizarians**

Protist that possess pseudopodia, many are amoebas

**Radiolarians**

Lower classification of rhizarians; usually marine and possess a silica shell, symmetrical and utilizes cytoplasmic streaming that carries captured prey into the main part of the cell

**Forams**

Lower classification of rhizarians; possess porous shells called tests made of calcium carbonate, pseudopodia extend from pores

**Cercozoans**

Lower classification of rhizarians; thread-like pseudopodia, found in marine, freshwater, and soil ecosystem

**Archaeplastida**

Group of protists that are the closest living algal relatives of plants

**Red algaes**

Lower classification of archaeplastida; rhodophytes that contain phycoerythrin

**Green algaes**

Lower classification of archaeplastida; related to plants

**Chlorophytes**

Lower classification of green algae; majority are freshwater, green due to chlorophyll

**Unikonta**

Supergroups containing animals, plants, fungi, and some other protists

**Amoebozoan**

Lower classification of Unikonta; possess lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia

**Slime mold**

Lower classification of Unikonta; produce fruiting bodies that aid in spore dispersal, mycetozoans (fungus animals)

**Plasmodial slime mold**

Subgroup of slime molds; yellow or orange and form masses called plasmodium, extends pseudopodia into rotting organic matter and soil

**Cellular slime mold**

Subgroup of slime molds; utilize zygotic meiosis, found on forest floors

**Entamoebas**

Lower classification of amoebozoan; symbiotic parasite that can infect all vertebrates

**What are the characteristics found in all eukaryotes**

Membrane bound nucleus

Membrane bound organelles

Mitochondria

Sexual life cycles 

Linear chromosomes

Cytoskeleton