bio med board review

What are the three connecting systems of the body?

Cardiovascular (blood and vessels), lymphatic (lymph/vessels), and nervous (nerve impulses)

What are the three systems of the body that help move matter in and out?

Digestive (food and water), respiratory (o2 , co2) and excretory (waste)

What are the two systems that control the body?

Endocrine via hormones and nervous system via nerve impulses

What are the two body systems that provide support and movement?

Skeletal with bones and muscular with muscles

What are the two systems of the body that provide protection?

Integumentary or skin as a barrier and the lymphatic as immunity

What is the one system of the body that allows for the continuity of the species

The reproductive systems for procreation

The normal temperature for an infant differs than the normal temperature for a child, adolescent, and adult (98.6). What is that temperature and what causes it to increase?

98.2 degrees F is typical for an infant.

Infection, exercise and increase in blood sugar cause temperature to rise

What would cause body temperature to decrease?

Decreasing hemoglobin or hemocrit, decrease in blood sugar, narcotics, and aging

The heart rate of an infant is within what range?

80-180

The heart rate of a child is within what range?

75-140

The heart rate of an adolescent is only 10 beats slower on average than an adult. What is that range?

50-100, an adult is 60-100

What are the potential causes of an increase heart rate?

Infection, decrease hemoglobin and hemocrit, coronary heart failure, increased blood sugar, COPD, fever, decrease of fluid volume, decrease of potassium, anxiety, anemia, pain and exercise

What are the potential causes for heart rate decreasing?

Acute MI, beta blockers, potassium increasing and narcotics

The respiratory rate for an infant is higher than a child’s, which is higher than an adolescents, which is higher than an adults. What are those respiratory rates respectively?

30-50, 20-40, 15-22, and 10-20

What would cause respiratory rates to increase?

Infection, hemoglobin and hemocrit decrease, increase blood sugar, acute MI, asthma, pain, anxiety, and exercise

What’s the one thing that would cause the respiratory rate to decrease?

Narcotics

Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure increase from what?

renal disease, steroids, caffeine

Coronary artery disease, anxiety, pain and exercise (SBP only)

SBP and DBP would decrease from what?

Narcotics, acute MI, cardiac meds, anemia, and a decrease in potassium and hemoglobin and hemocrit

What are X-rays?

They are useful in the detection of pathology of the skeletal system, but can detect diseases in soft tissue as well

What is an ultrasound best used for?

Medical sonography or ultrasonography is an ultrasound based diagnostic medical imaging technique used to visualize muscles, tendons, and internal organs, their size, structure or any pathological lesions

What is a CT ( computed tomography) scan used for?

Medical imaging method employing tomography where digital geometry processing is used to generate a 3D image of the internals of an object from a large series of 2D x ray images taken around a single axis of rotation.

What is an MRI or magnetic resonance imaging used for?

Non invasive method used to render images of the inside of an object. Usually demonstrates pathological or other physiological alterations of living tissue

Increase in RBC could indicate what pathology?

Polycythemia (high RBC count), renal disease, pulmonary disease, and CV disease

A decrease in RBC could indicate what diseases?

Anemia, sickle cell, and Hodgkins leukemia

An increase in (H&H) hemoglobin and hemocrit could indicate what diseases?

Dehydration, shock, COPD( chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), CHF (congestive heart failure), and polycythemia (high RBC count)

What would cause HCT and HGB to be low?

Anemia, leukemia, hyperthyroidism, cirrhosis, massive trauma

What would result in high WBC count?

Acute infection, leukemia, and neoplasm -new or abnormal growth of tissue characteristic of cancer

What would cause WBC count to be low?

Bone marrow problems, immunity issues, metastasis, iron deficiency from alcohol, viral infections like AIDS, or chemotherapy (more chronic health issues)

If erythrocyte sedimentation rate (esr) is high what could this lead to?

If ESR is high it could indicate inflammation in the body. Kidney pathology, RA, lupus, thyroid disease, multiple myeloma, inflammation or pregnancy

Is ESR is low this could indicate

Congestive heart failure, polycythemia, sickle cell anemia, and low plasma protein

If iron is high in the blood what does this indicate?

Acute hepatitis- inflamed liver , nephrosis (kidney disease , plasma protein being expelled via urine d/t increase glomeruli permeability)

If iron is low in the blood what could be the cause?

Anemia, lupus, RA, hypothyroidism, or third trimester pregnancy

What could indicate a Blood Urea Nitrogen increase?

Kidney pathology, GI bleed, heart failure, high protein diet, dehydration or steroid use

What could indicate a low Blood Urea Nitrogen?

Urea nitrogen is a normal waste product created in your liver as it breaks down certain proteins found in your food. Urea nitrogen travels through the blood to your kidneys, which filter out all but a small amount. Urea nitrogen exits from your body when you pee Pregnancy, malnutrition, liver pathology or acromegaly (overgrowth or bone or soft tissue)

If creatine is high what could this indicate?

Kidney pathology or hyperthyroidism

If creatine is low?

Loss of muscle mass or aging

If Utica acid is high?

Foot, arthritis, or kidney stones or disease

If Utica acid is low?

Chronic kidney disease, low thyroid, toxemia, or alcohol abuse

If CPK or creatine phosphokinase is high?

Myocardial infarction, alcohol abuse, or skeletal muscle disease.

If LDH lactate dehydrogenase (This enzyme helps with cellular respiration, the process that allows your body to turn glucose (sugar) into energy. If cells are damaged this enzyme is released)
is high?

If low?

High- MI pulmomary infarct, anemia, leukemia, malignancy

Low- malnutrition or hypoglycemia

if high or low GGT , ALT, and AST what would it indicate? (If your liver or bile duct is damaged, GGT may leak into your bloodstream. So high levels of GGT in your blood may be a sign of liver disease or damage to the bile ducts / ALP is another type of liver enzyme. While both your GGT and ALP may be elevated in diseases that affect your bile ducts and liver, only ALP will be elevated in bone disease. This helps your health care provider to understand if your issue may be due to a bone disorder instead of your liver.)

If high- liver pathology, cardiac muscle disease, alcohol abuse, muscle injury or muscular dystrophy, neoplasm

If low- malnutrition, vitamin B def, hypothyroidism, hypothalamism, pregnancy

Alkaline phosphatase

Abnormal levels of ALP in your blood may be a sign of a wide range of health conditions, including liver disease, bone disorders, and chronic kidney disease. The amount of ALP released into your blood can be affected by liver damage, conditions that affect bone growth, and certain gastrointestinal diseases

High in growing children, pregnancy, gallstones or bone and liver pathology

Low in malnutrition, hypoadrenia, hypophosphatasia

LDL cholesterol carries cholesterol from the liver to the body's cells and tissues, but excess LDL can deposit cholesterol in artery walls, leading to plaque formation

If high?

If low?

Atherosclerosis or coronary heart disease if high

If low- depression anxiety suicide or violent behaviors or stroke

HDL picks up excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and carries it back to the liver, where it's processed and removed from the body. 

If low? If high?

If high it’d bc of vigorous exercise insulin or estrogens.

If low bc of starvation, obesity or hypothyroidism, smoking or diabetes or liver disease

what is T4

Function:

• Metabolism: T4 or thyroxine is a thyroid hormone that helps regulate how the body uses energy by converting food into fuel. 

• Heart Rate and Body Temperature: It influences both the speed of the heart and the body's internal temperature. 

• Brain Development: T4 is essential for proper brain development, particularly during childhood. 

• Muscle Function: It supports muscle strength and function. 

• Bone Health: T4 contributes to the maintenance of strong bones. 

Production and Conversion:

• The thyroid gland produces T4, and it is released into the bloodstream. 

• Once in the bloodstream, T4 is primarily bound to proteins and travels to various organs. 

• T4 is then converted to T3 in the liver, kidneys, and other tissues. 

• T3 is the active form of thyroid hormone and has a greater impact on metabolism than T4. 

If t4 is high? Low?

High- Hyperthyroid, pregnancy or birth control

Low- hypothyroid or pituitary disease

What can lead to electrolyte imbalances in the body?

Electrolyte imbalances can stem from various factors including fluid loss (dehydration, excessive sweating), medications, kidney problems, and certain medical conditions. Other causes include gastrointestinal issues like vomiting and diarrhea, nutritional deficiencies, and even excessive fluid intake. 

Here's a more detailed breakdown:

1. Fluid Loss:

• Dehydration:.Insufficient fluid intake or excessive fluid loss through sweating, diarrhea, or vomiting can disrupt electrolyte balance. 

• Excessive Sweating:Intense exercise, especially in hot weather, can lead to significant fluid and electrolyte loss. 

2. Medical Conditions:

• Kidney Problems: The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating electrolyte levels.Kidney disease or dysfunction can lead to imbalances in sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes.

• Liver Problems: Liver disease can also affect electrolyte balance.

• Other Conditions: Various medical conditions, such as thyroid disorders, pancreatitis, and certain cancers, can contribute to imbalances. 

3. Medications:

• Diuretics: These medications can increase urination and potentially lead to electrolyte loss. 

• Antibiotics and Chemotherapy Drugs: Some medications can affect electrolyte levels. 

• Steroids: Certain corticosteroids can also influence electrolyte balance. 

4. Gastrointestinal Issues:

• Vomiting and Diarrhea: These can cause significant fluid and electrolyte loss. 

• Malabsorption: Conditions that interfere with nutrient absorption can lead to imbalances. 

5. Nutritional Factors:

• Inadequate Intake: Lack of essential nutrients, especially in the diet, can contribute to imbalances. 

• Eating Disorders: Anorexia and bulimia can disrupt electrolyte balance. 

6. Overhydration:

• Excessive Water Intake: Consuming too much water, especially without sufficient electrolytes, can dilute electrolytes and lead to imbalances, particularly hyponatremia (low sodium). 

What are the causes and symptoms of low sodium

Ketoacidosis, (Diabetic ketoacidosis develops when the body can't make enough insulin, a hormone that helps sugar enter cells for energy. Instead, fat is broken down for energy. This can cause acids called ketones to build up in the blood and collect in the urine. The risk is highest in people who have type 1 diabetes and those who often miss insulin doses.)

diuretics, kidney disease, CHF, vomiting or diarrhea

Leading to HA confusions weakness lethargy nausea vomiting diarrhea

Symptoms and causes of high sodium

Excess sweating, hypothalamic, diabetes, hyper Adrenalin’s. Symptoms are excess thirst, oliguria, dry flush skin, CNS agitation, tachycardia (high or rapid heart beat) , weak and thready pulse, and decrease in DTR (deep tendon reflexes) and BP

Decrease in potassium causes and symptoms:

Causes: Vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic use and corticosteroids

Symptoms: muscle cramps and weakness, arrhythmia, vomiting, SOB thirst and polyuria

An increase in potassium causes and symptoms:

Causes: Diabetes, adrenal insufficiency and urinary obstruction. Symptoms include muscle cramps and weakness, nausea diarrhea, GI distress and ECG changes

Causes and symptoms of calcium deficiency

Causes: vitamin D deficiency, kidney disease, hypoparathyroidism , symptoms: parenthesia, muscle cramps, increase deep tendon reflex, slow mental processing, + chvostek and + trousseau tests: clinical tests used to assess for hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels).Chvostek's sign involves tapping the facial nerve to elicit facial muscle twitching, while Trousseau's sign involves inflating a blood pressure cuff to cause carpopedal spasm (hand and wrist muscle spasm). 

Causes and symptoms of increased calcium

Causes: hyperparathyroidism, metastatic CA and multiple myeloma

Symptoms: muscle weakness, ataxia, deep bone pain, HTN (hypertension), renal dysfunction, AV block on ECG nausea vomiting and constipation

Causes and symptoms of decreased phorphorous:

Causes: hyperparathyroidism, and diet

Symptoms: intention tremor and ataxia, parenthesia, decrease deep tendon reflex, muscle weakness, joint stiffness, and bleeding disorder

Causes and symptoms of increase phosphorous

Causes: hypoparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and kidney disease

Symptoms: increased BP, increased cardiac work, risk of decreased bone mineral density

Causes and symptoms of decreased magnesium:

Causes: dietary, Diabetes Mellitus, and alcohol abuse

Symptoms: athetoid/choreiform movements (involuntary writhing and contracting muscles common in cerebral palsy), + babinksi sign, nystagmus (rapid involuntary movement of eyes), +chovostek test, + trousseau test, hypertension, tachycardia arrhythmia

Causes and symptoms of increased magnesium

Causes: dietary, and symptoms: diarrhea and nausea

What are the early warning signs of cancer:

C- hanges in bowel and bladder

A-sore that fails to heal in 6 weeks

U-unusual bleeding or discharge

T-hickening lump on breast or elsewhere

I-ndigestion or difficulty swallowing

O-bvious change in wart or mole (Asymmetric in shape, border irregularities, color pigmentation not uniform, diameter >6mm

N-aging cough or hoarseness of voice with rust colored sputum.

+change in deep tendon reflexes

+proximal muscle weakness

+night pain and + pathological fracture , >45 years old

What are the most common primary sites of cancer?

Lung, prostate, renal, breast, and colon

Lung cancer warning signs or predispositions?

>60 years old, smoker, shoulder chest and C-spine pain, TOS (thoracic outlet syndrome) symptoms, chronic cough, bloody sputum, weight loss, malaise, fever, dyspnea, wheezing

Prostate cancer signs and predispositions?

>50 years old. Lumbar sacral pain, frequent urination, weak urine stream, difficulty starting urination

Renal cancer signs and predispositions?

55-60 years old. Hematuria, weight loss, malaise, fever, palpable posterior lateral abdominal mass.

Breast cancer signs and predispositions?

20-50 years old or greater than 65 years old. Nipple discharge, dimpling of breast, palpable mass

colon cancer signs and predispositions?

Older than 50. Abdominal pain, Lumbar sacral pain, change in bowel habits, bloody stools, malaise, weight loss, pain unaffected by position

How does a bacterial meningitis manifest in an infant?

Fever, lethargy, poor feeding, vomiting, respiratory distress, apnea, cyanosis, paradoxical irritability (quiet while stationary, cried when held), seizures in 30-40% of cases, medical emergency

How does bacterial meningitis manifest in adults?

H/A, fever and chills, photophobia, vomiting, nausea, URI symptoms, seizures in 20-30% cases, confusion, +kernig sign (hip flexed to 90 degrees, pain with knee in extension), +Brudzinski sign ( supine neck flexion reproduces pain), stiff neck, sleepiness.

What are the characteristics of osteoarthritis?

Asymmetric, large weight bearing joints affected, loss of joint surface integrity, formation of osteophytes, intra-articulate loose bodies, soft tissue contractors, decrease of ROM, stiffness after activity, deep aches

What are the characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis?

Symmetrical joint swelling, small joints on hands, feet, wrists. Erythema and fever, intense pain after rest, weight loss, nutritional deficiencies, loss of stamina and weakness, increase proteolytic enzymes (breakdown of proteins), enlarged spleen, lymphadenopathy, heart and lung pathology, joint subluxations, vasculitis, rheumatoid nodules // autoimmune so there will be more whole body immunological symptoms

What are the characteristics of gout?

Affects only a few joints, most common is first MTP knee, wrist. Abrupt onset of severe pain, uric acid crystals in synovial fluid, increase frequency with increased age, males> females, usually begins at night, drug of choice for symptoms is ALLOPURINOL

What are the characteristics of contact dermatitis and poison ivy?

The rash itself is not contagious, and fluid in blisters does not spread the rash. Poise ivy dermatitis appears 4 hour to 10 days after exposure, depending on individual sensitivity and the amount of exposure. The rash is self-limited and will clear up without treatment. Letting nature take its course with mild poison ivy dermatitis is reasonable but severe rashes need treatment to ease the misery and disability they cause. First time with a rash takes longer to clear up than a repeated attack (3-4 weeks)

What are the characteristics of impetigo (bacterial)?

Peak prevalence is in preschool children. Contagious via direct contact with infected area, usually occurs around nose and mouth, characterized by thin walled blisters that burst and rupture, ooze fluid, and develop yellow crusted lesion. Scratching can spread infection

What are the characteristics of ringworm?

It’s a fungal infection that is contagious via skin contact with an infected person or pet or with an object an infected person touched, rash appears 4-14 days after contact, ring size blotch about 1 diameter thick, scaly with clear center, may be itchy and body builds a natural immunity within 15 weeks, by antigfungal cream resolves the rash faster

What are characteristics of viral warts?

Benign cutaneous tumors , second degree HPV, primary locations are hands, feet, face, and genitals. Dome shaped nodules with dark spots (thromboses capillaries)

What are the characteristics of herpes simplex?

Common vesicular eruptions that are highly contagious and spread by direct contact, vesicles are painful and the mucous membranes erode quickly, other symptoms are fever, malaise, swollen lymph nodes

What are the characteristics of latex allergy?

Onset can be within minutes or over a few days. Erythema vesicles, Papules, pruritus, blisters, and crusting, hives faintness, nausea vomiting abdominal cramps, rhino-conjunctivitis, bronchospasm, anaphylactic shock

What are the characteristics of osteoporosis?

Severe and localized thoracic and lumbar spine pain, increased pain with prolonged posture, increased pain with Valsalva (equalizes pressure in the mid ear) , decreased pain in hook-lying (laying down flat with knees up), loss of height greater than one inch, kyphosis (hump back) and dowagers hump on back due to collapsed thoracic muscles and spine.

What are the systemic causes of carpal tunnel syndrome?

Diabetes mellitus (Blood sugar increase can effect nerves), hormonal imbalance, pregnancy, gout (uric acid), Graves’ disease or hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and hypothyroidism, (can cause swelling and fluid retention that compress the nerve) liver disease, oral contraceptives and obesity

What are the characteristics of fibromyalgia?

Widespread pain for more than 3months, myalgia and AM stiffness, fatigue and sleep disturbances with a 2 percent decrease in GH growth hormone at night, soft tissue swelling, H/A, dyspnea, dizziness, hypersensitivity to light, dry eyes and mouth, presence of 11 out of 18 tender points

What are the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff muscle?

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, Subscapularis, and teres minor

Here's a more detailed look at each muscle:

• Supraspinatus:Located at the top of the shoulder, its tendon passes through a narrow space. It's commonly injured and facilitates the initial abduction (lifting) of the arm. 

• Infraspinatus:Located below the spine of the scapula, it helps with external rotation of the arm and stabilizes the shoulder joint. 

• Teres Minor:Located adjacent to the infraspinatus, it also contributes to external rotation, especially when the arm is raised. 

• Subscapularis: The largest of the rotator cuff muscles, it facilitates internal rotation and helps stabilize the shoulder during pushing or lifting. 

The rotator cuff's tendons attach to the bones of the shoulder joint (scapula and humerus), acting as levers to move the shoulder and upper arm. Injuries to these muscles and tendons can cause pain, weakness, and limited range of motion. 

What is thoracic outlet syndrome?

• What it is:

  TOS refers to a collection of disorders where nerves, veins, or arteries in the thoracic outlet are squeezed or compressed. 

• Location:

  The thoracic outlet is the space between the collarbone and the first rib, where nerves and blood vessels pass from the neck into the arm. 

• Causes:

  Compression can be due to various factors, including:

  • Anatomical differences like an extra rib or abnormally shaped muscles. 

  • Trauma from accidents or repetitive movements. 

  • Poor posture or muscle imbalances. 

• Symptoms:

  Common symptoms include:

  • Pain in the shoulder, neck, or arm. 

  • Numbness and tingling in the arm, hand, or fingers. 

  • Weakness in the hand or arm. 

  • Swelling or discoloration of the arm or hand. 

• Types:

  TOS can be categorized into different types based on which structures are compressed: 

  • Neurogenic TOS: Nerve compression, the most common type. 

  • Venous TOS: Vein compression. 

  • Arterial TOS: Artery compression. 

What are the signs and symptoms of TOS?

Kyphosis posture and forward head, awakened at night with pins and needles in hands, poorly localized aching pain, pain with carrying heavy objects, AP X-ray needed to rule out cervical rib (very rare), need to rule out CTS (carpal tunnel syndrome), radiculopathy (pinched nerve in spinal column), and pronator syndrome, a DBP greater than 20 mmHg difference between arms, and POSITIVE + ULNT upper limb neurodynamic test, Adson’s test, Wrights test, military brace and Allens test.

CTS or carpal tunnel syndrome differs from TOS b/c:

CTS is due to an overuse related to repetitive motion trauma, occurs in females more than males, and may occur during pregnancy.

The s/s are thenar atrophy but no swelling or trophic changes, nighttime numbness of hand, thumb weakness and loss of opposition or adduction specifically APB, normal pulses bc medial and ulnar arteries dont pass through the tunnel, sensation of the palm is spared, confirmed with MRI and CT scan, need to rule out C-spine problem, negative TOS test and

POSITIVE + Phalens, reverse Phalens, ULNT, and Tinels sign.

Difference between CNS and PNS?

CNA includes the brain and spinal cord.

PNS includes the spinal nerves and cranial nerve, plus autonomic nerves in the body divided into parasympathetic (muscarinic) and sympathetic (adrenergic)

What are the characteristics of the sympathetic or adrenergic NS?

Cardiac output increased, pupils dilate, GI tract smooth muscles relax, GI glands inhibited, bladder wall relaxes, ureter contracts, and genitalia depresses.

• Increased heart rate: The heart beats faster to pump blood more efficiently to the muscles, preparing the body for action. 

• Faster and shallower breathing: Airway muscles relax to allow more oxygen into the lungs, fueling the body for exertion. 

• Dilated pupils: Pupils widen to improve vision in low-light conditions. 

• Slowed digestion: The body redirects energy away from digestion to other systems. 

• Sweating: Increased sweating helps cool the body down during exertion. 

• Dry mouth: Saliva production decreases as blood flow is redirected away from the digestive system. 

• Release of adrenaline: Adrenaline (epinephrine) is released, increasing heart rate, breathing, and blood sugar levels. 

• Trembling or shaking: Muscle tension and shaking can occur due to the release of adrenaline. 

• Muscle tension: Muscles, particularly in the neck and shoulders, may become tense. 

• Nausea and vomiting: In some cases, sympathetic activation can lead to gastrointestinal distress. 

• Dizziness and lightheadedness: Sudden drops in blood pressure (orthostatic hypotension) can cause dizziness and lightheadedness. 

• Blurred vision: In some cases, sympathetic activation can affect vision. 

• Dry skin and mouth: The sympathetic nervous system can reduce the production of saliva and sweat, leading to dry skin and mouth. 

What are the characteristics of parasympathetic NS or muscarinc ?

Decreases cardiac output, constricts pupils, contracts smooth muscles of GI, secretes glands of GI, contracts bladder wall, relaxes ureter, and stimulates genitalia

What are the pure motor cranial nerves?

3,4,6,11,12

What are the pure sensory cranial nerves?

1,2,8

What cranial nerves are both motor and sensory?

5,7,9,10

What cranial nerves are parasympathetic?

3,7,9,10

What cranial nerves contain taste fibers?

7,9,10

Cranial nerve one:

OLFACTORY - cribiform plate / pure sensory to smell

Cranial nerve two:

OPTIC, pure sensory to vision , optic canal

Cranial nerve three:

OCULOMOTOR in superior orbital fissure, pure motor to the superior, inferior, and medial recuts muscles, the inferior oblique muscle, the lavatory palpebrae superior muscle…. Parasympathetic inner action to constrict pupil and accommodate the eye

Cranial nerve 4

TROCHLEAR, in superior orbital fissure, MOTOR to the superior oblique msuscle that turns the eye downward and laterally

Cranial nerve 5:

TRIGEMINAL : V1 - superior orbital fissure- Sensory to cornea, skin of the forehead, scalp, eyelids, and nose, mucous membrane of the nose, paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.

V2-foramen rotundum - sensory to skin of face over maxilla and upper lip

V3- foramen ovale- sensory to skin of the cheek, skin over the mandible and side of head, teeth of the lower jaw and TMJ, mucous membranes of the mouth and anterior two thirds of the tongue

Motor to muscles of mystification anterior belly of the Di gastric, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, and tensor veil palatini

Cranial nerve 6:

ABDUCENS- superior orbital fissure - MOTOR to lateral recuts muscle that turns the eye laterally

Cranial Nerve 7:

FACIAL- internal auditory meatus, facial canal, stylomastoid foramen- MOTOR to muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric.

Taste from the anterior two thirds of the tongue and palate.

Parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal glands of the nose and palate

Cranial nerve 8:

VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR- internal auditory meatus- Vestibular nerve for position and movement of the head, and Cochlear nerve for hearing , pure SENSORY

Cranial nerve 9:

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL - jugular foramen- MOTOR to stylopharyngeus muscle, Taste from posterior third of tongue, SENSORY to general sensation from pharynx, sensory fibers from the carotid sinus, and Parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland