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70s Ribosomes
Ribosomes that are smaller in size and freer in cytoplasm, used for protein synthesis.
80s Ribosomes
Larger ribosomes in eukaryotic cells that are made up of a smaller 30s subunit and a larger 50s subunit and are often associated with different cell organelles.
Active Transport
A process that allows the cell to take in substances even though there is a higher concentration in the cell; molecules enter a protein pump, and ATP is used.
Adult Stem Cells
The daughter cell of an embryonic stem cell, they have limited functions, and are multipotent.
Amphipathic
Substances that are both attracted and not attracted to water.
Anaphase
The stage in mitosis where the sister chromatids split into individual chromosomes, and each chromosome is pulled to an opposite pole by the centriole.
Apoptosis
A natural part of the cell cycle where cells that are no longer useful undergo cell suicide.
Artificial Insemination
When sperm collected from sperm banks is inserted into a woman's cervix by a doctor.
Asexual Reproduction
When an organism reproduces by making a copy of itself. Offspring are clones and there is not much genetic variation.
Axons
Parts of neuron that convey messages rapidly in an electrical form called a nerve impulse.
Bilayer
Composed of two molecules in which each molecule is arranged with its hydrophobic end directed inward toward the opposite side of the film and its hydrophilic end directed outward.
Binary Fission
A form of asexual reproduction where the parent cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.
Cancer
A deadly disease where DNA is accidentally changed in the cell cycle, which allows cancer cells to divide uncontrollably.
Carcinogens
Cancer causing chemicals
Cell
The smallest living unit of life.
Cell Membrane
The protective barrier around the cell.
Cell Replacement Therapy
The transplantation of stem cells to replace damaged cells.
Cell Specialization
The process in which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function.
Cell Theory
The theory that: The cell is the building block of life, all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Cell Wall
A rigid frame that provides the cell support, strength and protection. Only in plants (cellulose microfibrils ) and prokaryotic cells (peptidoglycan).
Centrioles
Organize microtubules during mitosis. Only in animals.
Channels
They have diameter and chemical properties that ensure that only one type of particle can pass through.
Functions of Life
Made of cells, respond to changes in the environment, can reproduce, exchanges energy and matter with the environment, has metabolism, maintains homeostasis, can grow.
Chlorophyll
The green pigment in plants that allows cells to absorb energy from the sun.
Chloroplast
Contains chlorophyll used for photosynthesis. Only in plants.
Cholesterol
Part lipid, part protein. Make phospholipids more tightly packed and regulate the fluidity and flexibility of the membrane.
Chromatid
Formed when the cell undergoes mitosis or meiosis, is one half of a chromosome.
Chromatin
Uncondensed genetic information that is contained inside the nucleus.
Chromosome
Formed by two identical chromatids and carries important genetic information.
Cillia
Hair-like organelles which moves materials around and prevents pathogens from invading the body.
Cisternae
Flattened membrane sacs.
Conjugation
A form of sexual reproduction where bacteria transfer genetic material by fusing together to form offspring.
Cyclins
Proteins that help to regulate the cell cycle
Cytokinesis
Where the cytoplasm divides, the plasma membrane pinches and constricts and the membrane fuses and seals with the addition of new membrane formed.
Cytoplasm
A jelly-like substance that surrounds the organelles.
Cytoskeleton
An internal network of fibres that helps to maintain the cell's shape.
Davson-Danielli Model
A model that suggests that the protein membrane looks like a sandwich, that proteins form distinct layers and contains phospholipids
Falsification of Davson-Danielli Model
Fluorescent antibody tagging of membrane proteins showed they were mobile and not fixed in place, Freeze fracturing was used to split open the membrane and revealed irregular rough surfaces within the membrane
Dermis
The inner layer of the skin which is composed of connective and muscular tissues.
Diameter of Field View Equation
Diameter of high power/diameter of low power = magnification of low power/magnification of high power
Drawing of a Eukaryotic Cell
When drawing this cell, please include cell membrane, nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum with 80s ribosomes, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and free 80s ribosomes. If necessary, include a chloroplast with thylakoids and a large vacuole.
Drawing of a Prokaryotic Cell
When drawing this cell, please include 70s ribosomes, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, pili, and flagella. Use e.coli as the reference cell type.
Ectoderm
Cells that give rise to cells that form the skin and nervous system.
Electron Micrograph
A graphic representation of an image of an object under an electron microscope.
Embryonic Stem Cells
The main type of stem cells containing embryos, these cells can specialize to perform any function, and are pluripotent.
Endocrine Gland Cells
Cells that are involved in the control of appetite, digestive processes, and metabolism and an important source of hormones.
Endocytosis
A process in which a vesicle is formed on the inside of the plasma membrane and allows water, solutes, and larger molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane to enter the cell.
Endoderm
Cells that give rise to cells that form the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract.
Endosymbiotic Theory
The relationship in which one cell lives inside of the other and in some cases, one cell cannot live without the other.
Epidermal Tissue
An outer coating that is involved in water entering roots and gases entering and leaving leaf.
Epidermis
The outer layer of the skin which is composed of epithelial tissues.
Epithelial Tissue
The tissue that lines body cavities and outer surface of body, and forms a protective barrier.
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells that contain a nucleus to hold DNA and membrane-bound organelles as well as 80s ribosomes.
Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory
Ultrastructure of organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplast resembles some bacterial structure, they have DNA, and can move freely around the cell.
Exocrine Gland Cells
Cells that secrete products into the digestive tract like bile and pancreatic juice that also help secrete digestive enzymes which break down food in the small intestine.
Exocytosis
A process in which a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases contents such as waste products and unwanted material out of the cell.
External Fertilization
When gametes meet outside of an adult to begin forming a new organism.
Extracellular
Components of the cell that are outside of the cells main body.
Facilitated Diffusion
Ions and other particles that cannot diffuse between phospholipids can pass in or out of cells if there are channels for them.
Flagella
A tail-like structure that acts as a propulsion for a cell which allows it to move.
Function of Proteins
Transport, anchorage, receptors, cell recognition, enzymatic activity, and intercellular joining.
Fungi Hyphae Cells
These cells differentiate from cell theory by being multinucleated and having continuous cytoplasm along the hyphae with no end cell wall or cell membrane.
G1 Phase
The stage in interphase where the cell produces new cells and proteins.
G2 Phase
The stage in interphase where the cell produces organelles and structures needed for cell division.
Gametes
Sperm and egg cells which have half as many chromosomes as a body cell.
Gene Therapy
The process of replacing absent or faulty genes with normal ones to treat diseases.
Genes
Things that make up your DNA which determine certain traits in organisms.
Giant Algae Cells
These cells differentiate from cell theory because they can grow up to 100 mm despite having only one nucleus.
Glycolipid
A sugar chain attached to a phospholipid.
Glycoprotein
A sugar chain attached to a membrane protein.
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum for delivery.
Histone Proteins
Associated with DNA.
Homeostasis
The steady state that is maintained by an organism which is necessary for survival.
Hydrophilic
Substances that are attracted to water.
Hydrophobic
Substances that are not attracted to water.
Hypertonic
Where there is a net movement of water out of the cell which causes the cell to shrink and shrivel.
Hypotonic
Where there is a net movement of water in the cell which causes the cell to expand and rupture.
In-Vitro Fertilization
When sperm and eggs are collected in petri dishes where fertilization occurs and the developing embryo is injected into the womb of a female.
Integral Proteins
A protein that is hydrophobic on part of its surface and embedded in hydrocarbon chains in the centre of the membrane, many are transmembrane (extend across the cell membrane).
Internal Fertilization
When gametes meet inside of a female to begin forming a new organism.
Interphase
This takes place when the cell is preparing for cell division.
Isotonic
Where the net movement of water in and out of the cell is the same and the cell stays the same size.
Karyotype
The preparation of the complete set of an individual's chromosomes.
Liposome
A bilayer of phospholipids.
Lymphoid Cells
Any cell types responsible for the immune system.
Magnification Equation
Magnification = size of image/actual size of specimen.
Malignant
Harmful and cancerous tumours that have the potential to spread throughout the body.
Meiosis
Occurs only through sexual reproduction when one cell divides twice to form four daughter cells containing half the chromosomes of the parent cell.
Meristematic Tissue
This unspecialized plant tissue can divide by mitosis.
Mesoderm
Cells that give rise to cells that form bone, cartilage, connective tissue, and the majority of the circulatory system.
Metabolism
Chemical reactions in a cell.
Metaphase
The stage in mitosis where the chromosomes move to the middle and the mitotic spindles from the centrioles attach to the centromere.
Metastatic
Tumours that have already travelled and grown in other areas of the body.
Micelle
A single layer of phospholipids.
Microtubules
These move chromosomes during cell division.
Mitochondria
The powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP, made up of cristae (folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria).
Mitosis
This is when a parent cell is dividing to form two daughter cells.
Mitotic Index
Number of cells in mitosis/total number of cells * 100
Multipotent Cells
These cells can differentiate into committed precursors of each cell type, their ability to differentiate into cell types is limited to what type of multipotent cells they are.
Mutagens
Agents that cause gene mutations
Note
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