Studied by 1 person
The 5 standards of nursing
Provide clean and comfortable environment
Provide fresh food and water
Provide adequate exercise and grooming
Provide prompt and humane relief of suffering
Provide human treatment to every patient
The benefits to bathing and grooming
Give animal a sense of well being
Prevent medical conditions
Treatment of medical condition to alleviate discomfort
Control of ectoparasites; medicated baths
Indication to client about quality of life
What are the precautions when bathing and grooming
Avoid animal leaping out of tub
Teathered leashes
Temperature of water
Watching body temperatures
Protecting ears and eyes
Bathe all areas
Why is it not wise to use cage heaters
The pets often get over heated and no one checks on them
What are medicated dips
Apply medication and leave on, for skin mites
What are the benefits to exercise
Helps to maintain muscle tone and reduce edema
What is the purpose of nail trims
Prevent over growth of nails, and lameness
True/False: over grown nails have longer quicks
True
What is the issue with hair inside the ears of dogs
True/False:
What is the problem with cleaning ears of anesthetized patients
Anesthetized patients cannot react to pain, extreme caution needs to be used when cleaning their ears
True/False: cleaning ears when they are not dirty is good preventative care
False, cleaning the ears when they are not dirt can lead to infection
What is an aural hematoma?
Blood vessel in the pina of the ear ruptures and fills with blood. Common to be 2nd to ear infections
Where are the 2 anal glands located
In the rectum and about the 5 o clock and 7 o clock position
When do animals release a small amount of anal gland substance
Every time it poops
What are signs of an animal being in discomfort from its anal glands
Scooting the rear end, licking or chewing at rear end, abnormal carriage of the tail
What is the only way to ensure all the substance from anal glands gets released
Doing expressions internally
If the anal gland substance is green, what can this indicate
There is an infection
Why are blankets and towels with holes dangerous
Can lead to strangulation
What are decubital sores
Bed sores from non-ambulatory/non-mobile patients or limited mobility, can be located on elbows, hips, hocks
Other than lack of mobility, what is another way animals can develop decubital sores
Fecal or urine scalding from the ammonia which can lead to a skin tissue injury
How often should non-mobile patients be moved
Very frequently with rotation of blankets and positioning to prevent decubital sores
What is the best kind of bedding but is not routine
Straw
How will one know if the anal gland has been expressed
Won’t be able to feel the anal gland anymore
3 goals in restraining a patient
Control animal for procedure
Prevent animal from injury
Prevent injury to the staff
What is the golden rule to restraint
Use the minimum amount if restraint needed to be effective
What is an agonistic behavior
behavior associated with conflict, causes stress to an animal
Why is taking an accurate history important
for diagnosis
What is a chief complaint
Why an owner brought the animal in
A chief complaint and ____________ should be similar to each other
Observations
What questions should be asked when taking a patients history
Open ended questions, avoiding yes or no answers in order to get more information out of the owner
What goes into a signalment
Breed, Sex, Reproductive status, age
What are the 5 components to a patients history
Chief complaint, past medical surgery history, environmental history, medication history, dietary history
What questions should you ask when taking a chief complaint
Duration, severity progression + frequency, trigger situations, time of day, characteristics
On physical exams, exams can be done 1 of what 2 ways
Body systems, or head to tail
What type of physical exam is more common
Head to tail
What is the largest body system
Integument system
What does alopecia mean
Hair loss
When doing a physical exam of the integument system what is to be looked at
Hair, skin, hooves, glands, tumors, growths, lumps, masses, etc.
What does hyperthyroidism look like in K9’s
overweight, bilateral symmetrical alopecia
What is demodex
Type of mites with a pattern hair loss, can self resolve, non pruritic, looks like a cigar
What is sarcoptic
Pruritic type of skin mite that can spread to other dogs, often leads to a second skin infection, zoonotic but self limiting, looks like a circle with legs
What does pruritus mean
Itchy skin
What does petechia mean
Pin point bruising, looks like a spider vein, found often on ear or on gums indicating there could be a blood condition
What is the most common disease
Periodontal disease
What percentage of animals have periodontal disease by 3 years old
70-80%
What is megaesophagus
Where the esophagus is enlarged, hard to find on physical exam, need x-ray to see it enlarged
What condition of the esophagus causes the esophagus to lose its tone and makes it more flimsy making it more prone to regurgitation
Megaesopahgus
Dogs with megaesophagus often die from what
Aspiration pneumonia
How do we aid in feeding dogs with megaesophagus
Feed from elevated surfaces, dog high chairs, playing with the texture of food
The stomach “bloat” is also known as
Gastric Dilation Volvulus (GDV)
What dogs are most susceptible to Gastric Dilation Volvulus
Great danes, large breed, deep chested dogs
What is a gastropexy
Elective surgery for deep chested dogs where the stomach gets stitched to the side of the abdomen to avoid torsion
How can Gastric Dilation Volvulus be avoided
Slowing down the dogs eating, making them relax after eating
What is intussusception
intestines folding in on each other, telescoping
What does the intestines feel like
Feels like thickened or doughy lasagna noodles
What is a megacolon
Colon loses tone and becomes impacted with feces
What is fecal incontenance
Can’t control defication
What does perineal mean
Area around the rectum
What is a perineal hernia
Break in muscles of the hind quarters, can lead to an intestinal slip through if not repaired
The rate and rhythm of the heart is controlled by what
cardiac output
What is cardiac output
amount of blood pumped out of the heart
What is stroke volume
Volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle
What is the cardiac output dependent on
heart rate, stroke volume
True/False: heart rate increases and decreases with cardiac output
True
What is the normal heart rate in beats per minute for Canines
60-160 bpm
What is the normal heart rate in beats per minute for Cats
140-220 bpm
What is tachycardia
increase in heart rate due to stress, excitement, exercise, or fever
What is brachycardia
decrease in heart rate do to anesthetic drugs, or certain stages of shock
What does auscultation mean
listening to the heart with a stethoscope
The sound “lub” of the heart beating is what anatomically
mitral and tricuspid valve CLOSING
The sound “dub” of the heart beating is what anatomically
pulmonic and aortic valves CLOSING
Systole sound indicates what
in between lub and dub
Diastole sound indicates what
between 2 beats, after the dub, before the lub
What is a murmur
abnormal heart sound; reoccurring abnormal sound; result of excess turbulent blood; usually a valve disease
What is myopathy
heart muscle being tick or thin, making blood extra turbulent
True/False: thinner blood is more likely to be louder
True
What is an innocent murmur
puppies and kittens less than 6 months of age having an increased heart rate due to more turbulent blood
True/False: innocent murmurs are systolic murmurs
True
This type of murmur develop commonly secondary to periodontal disease
Systolic
Hearing a heart worm disease is most likely doing to sound like what kind of heart murmur
Diastolic
What is a continuous murmur
Changes in intensity throughout the cardiac cycle, loudest mid systole and tapers off late diastole, often associated with conjunctival heart defect
Patent Ductus Arterious resembles what sound
congestive heart failure
What 2 things need to be done when a murmur is found
Classify where the murmur is happening, grade the murmur 1-6
The rhythm of the heart is a result of what
contractions of the heart, dependent on the electrical impulses
What do EKG’s show
Electrical impulses
What does arrhythmia mean
no rhythm/pattern of the heart
What is a sinus arrhythmia
in the K9 patients, considered normal with increases of the heart rate on inspiration and decreases on expiration
Where is the most common place to obtain a pulse
femoral artery
What 3 things are being looked at in a pulse
rate, rhythm, quality
What is a pulse
Fluid wave created by blood being pumped into aorta during ventricular polarization
What is a pulse influenced by
heart rate, stroke volume, force of ejection, vascular tone
True/False: heart rate and pulse rate should be the same
True
What is a pulse deficit
Not a pulse for every heart beat
What is the only way to detect a pulse deficit
using a stethoscope to listen to the heart, and palpating the heart at the same time. If the numbers are not the same, there is some kind of arrhythmia
What does an absent pulse indicate
deadness, heart is not beating enough to produce a pulse “heart block”
What is saddle thromboembolism
Older cats having a blood clot that sits at the branch of the femoral arteries; won’t feel a pulse inside the leg, but there will be discoloration, cold to the touch, this is a death sentence and hard to fix
What does a weak pulse indicate
“hypokinetic”, anything that causes decreases cardiac output, significantly decreasing heart rate/ cardiac output
Note
Flashcard