Studied by 0 peopleMolecule
A group of atoms bonded together
cell
smallest unit of life
Community
all of the populations of organisms within a given area
Ecosystem
the interaction of a community and the physical enviorment
organ system
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
Biosphere
all the regions of earth that hold organisms
Organ
interaction of 2 or more tissues to perform a common task
Tissue
organized groups of cells that interact for a specific task
Atom
the fundamental unit of matter
Multicellular organism
individual composed of different types of cells
Hypothesis
testable explanation of a situation
control group
does not have the "thing" that you are testing
Testable Question
A question that can be answered by conducting an experiment
prediction
if-then statement
experimental group
has the "thing" that you are testing
independent variable
I set up before the experiment starts
dependent variable
being measured during the experiment
Control Variables (constants)
are kept the same between the experimental and control group
Carbohydrates
starches and sugars that provide short term energy and cell structure
Lipids
fatty acids and glycerol, tryglyceride, phospolipids, steroids provide long term energy
Proteins
amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds provide structure, energy storage, contrcative(muscle movement), transport
nucleaic acid
nucleotides(sugar, phospate group, nitrogen base) DNA and RNA
Condensation
covalent bonding of two molecules to form a larger molecule. water forms as a product
hydrolosysis
reverse of condensation, cleavage teactions split larger molecules into smaller ones. water is split
prokaryotic cell
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles;Bacteria
Eukaryotic cells
Larger, complex, with nucleus, membrane bound organelles, DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins in chromosomes, cellulose in plant cell walls. Plant and Animal Cells
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
smoothe ER
Makes lipids
nuclear envelope
Double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.
Rough ER
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. folds and modification of proteins
Lysosomes
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
golgi
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
Ribosomes
Makes proteins
Mitochondria
makes ATP
cell membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
cell wall
gives support to plant cells
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
Vesicles
small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell
Centrioles
Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only
centeral vacuole
Particularly large vacuole that stores water, only in plant cells
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
Oraganelle
A membrane-bound structure inside a cell that performs a specialized function
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Vacuole
A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area
endomembrane system
A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
active transporters
proteins that move molecules through membrane by using energy
transport proteins
allow materials to pass through membrane
intergral proteins
general name for proteins that are physically embedded
recognition proteins
provide a "fingerprint" for the cell, so it can be recognized by other cells
perphial proteins
general name of proteins found on the surface of the membrane
Recepetor Proteins
bind substances on the exterior that trigger changes inside cell
passive transporters
allows materials to pass through membrane without using energy
adhesion proteins
helps cells stick together
Diffusion
diffusion across a membrane
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient
Osomosis
water moves from an area of high water concentration to an area of a low water concentration
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
Endocytosis
A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.
Exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
cell cycle
series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
Gap 1 (G1)
cells grow, carry out normal functions, and replicate their organelles
Synthesis Phase
DNA is replicated
Gap 2 (G2)
Additional growth happens and the cell prepares for mitosis
Interphase
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases
Prophase
Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase
Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase
phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
Mitosis
part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
daughter cells
the two new cells that result from mitosis and cytokinesis
Chromosomes
a long strand of DNA organized around proteins
sister chromatids
Identical to each other, duplicated amd condensed, has centramere to hold them together
unduplicated chromosome
A un-copied portion of DNA that is made of many genes in a condensed form.
Chromatin
Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones
Nucleosome
repeating subunit of chromatin fibers, consisting of DNA coiled around histones
Gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Karyotype
A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs
why do we need more cells?
growth,repair,replace,asexual reproduction
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA nucleotide
Deoxyribose Sugar, Bases GCAT, and Phosphate Group
RNA nucleotides
Ribose sugar, phosphate group, bases AUCG
Purines
Bases with a double-ring structure. Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines
Bases with a single-ring structure (cytosine, thymine, uracil)
complementary base pairing
Hydrogen bonding between particular pyrimidines and purines. Adenine & Thymine. Cytosine & Guanine.
5' end and 3' end
5' end - has a 5' carbon attached to a phosphate 3' end - has a 3' carbon attached to a hydroxyl group
Chargraff's Rule
amount of adenines = amount of thymines; amount of guanines = amount of cytosines
Rosalind Franklin
Used X-ray diffraction to discover the double-helical structure of DNA.
James Watson and Francis Crick
Built first accepted DNA model explaining specific structure and properties of DNA.
DNA replication
the process of making a copy of DNA
DNA helicase
unzips the DNA strand
Topoisomerase
prevents overwinding and tangling
single strand binding proteins
hold strands apart, making sure that they don't connect again
RNA primase
An enzyme that creates a short RNA primer for initiation of DNA replication.
DNA polymerase III
adds DNA nucleotides to the open 3' side of RNA nucleotides and then keeps adding DNA nucleotides to the open 3' end side on the newly made DNA
leading strand
DNA nucleotides are being added in the same direction towards the helicase
lagging strand
DNA nucleotides are being added in the opposite direction as the helicase
Note
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