China 1900-1989 : dates

Japan defeated China in war

1984-5

Emperor Guangxu’s 100 day reform - failed

1898

Boxer Uprising

1899-1901

Major attacks on westerners spread to three provinces in NE China

1900

Japanese troops of 20,000 arrived in Beijing and ended the Boxer’s siege that has lasted 55 days

Sep 1900

Boxer Protocol

1901

China humiliated by foreign powers which extended their control over China’s economy by establishing concessions

late 19th century

Self strengthening reforms

1902-1911

Death of dowager Empress Cixi + Ascension of Emperor Puyi

1908

…. Revolution

1911

Yuan shikai becomes leader of China

1912

GMD established

1912

Japans 21 demands

issued in 1915

Death of Shikai

1916

Warlord Era

1916-27

Sun Yat-Sen becomes leader of nationalist government

1917

May the 4th movement

1919

10,000 students arranged a protest in Tiananmen square demanding that the gov refuse to sign the ToV

4th May 1919

Gov initially refuse to sign ToV, but eventually sign in

1923

CCP founded by Chen Duxiu with the help of Comintern agents

1921

CCP join Comintern; USSR provide party with $5000 a year

1921

Reformation of the nationalist GMD

1919

Sun Yat-Sen’s ‘three principles of the people’ - draws upon Western ideals

1923

Comintern influence - USSR provide aid to help bring an end to the warlords

1923

Death of Sun Yat-Sen and Chiang Kai-Shek becomes leader of GMD

1925

First United Front formed

1925

Northern Expedition

1926-28

Shanghai Massacres

Jan-March 1927

Start of the White Terror

12 April 1927

‘Chinese Soviet Republic’ set up in Jiangxi province

1928

Japan invade Manchuria

1931

Manchuria renamed Manchukuo

1932

Pu Yi installed as emperor of Manchukuo

1934

Comintern agent Otto Braun arrives

1933

Failure of Braun’s role in CCP military actions

1930’s

Extermination Campaigns

1930-34

1st extermination campaign

Oct 1930 - failed

2nd/3rd extermination campaign

April and July 1931 - failed

4th extermination campaign

early 1933 - failed

5th extermination campaign

Sept 1933-Oct 1934 - partially successful

Long March

1934

Zunyi meeting

Jan 1935

CCP arrived in Yanan

Oct 1935

Sino-Japanese war

1937 - 45

Rape of Nanjing

1937

Japanese advances and holding of Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan.. (most of Eastern China)

1937-38

Japanese army overstretched (end to their advances)

1938

US supply China with resources

Dec 1941

Pearl Harbour

1941

Bombing of Hiroshima + Nagasaki

1945

Japanese surrender

Aug 1945

Outbreak of civil war between GMD + CCP

1945

GMD and CCP at full scale civil ar after failed ceasefire

July 1946 ; (Jan 1946 - signed failed ceasefire)

CCP drove out of base in Yanan by GMD forces attempting to take control of Manchuria

March 1947

Red Army renamed the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) under Lin Bao

1946

Lin Bao launches full scale attack on GMD

May 1947

Lin Bao and CCP gain control of Manchuria

Nov 1948

PLA control of Beijing

Jan 1949

Mao declares creation of the People’s Republic of China

Oct 1949

Chiang K-S join GMD forces in Taiwan after CCP victory

Dec 1949

New constitution implemented: National People’s Congress (NPC)

1954

Mao elected president and Zhou Enlai as first premier of the State Council

1954

CCP membership grows from 4.5m in …. to 6.5 m in….

1949-1953

the other existing 10 parties in 1949 had been suppressed by….

1952

when were women still second-class citizens

1949

when was female infanticide as high as 10%

1949

when was foot binding outlawed

1912

Electoral Law

1953

Women given equal voting rights

1953

All China Women’s Federation

1949

12% of NPC deputies elected were women

1953

Marriage Law

1950

CCP introduces policies promoting birth control + trained midwives to make childbirth safer

1953

76% of divorces granted were initiated by women

1951

Thought reform

1951

Laogai camps

1951-54

Agrarian Reform Law

1950

agricultural output increased by 15% a year in ….

1950-52

MATs (Mutual Aid Teams) ; 5-10

1951-53

40% of peasants belonged to MATs by…

1952

APCs (Agricultural Producers Co-operatives) ; 20-30

1953-55

Only 14% of peasants joined APCs by...

1953

Advanced APCs ; 150-200

1955-57

Record harvests

1956

90% of peasants belonged to APCs by….

1957

First 5YP

1953-57

In…. industrial output was 50% lower than in the mid 1930’s

1949

CCP nationalised heavy industry and railways

1949-51

Mao signed a Treaty of Friendship with Stalin

1950

Economic aid from SU: a $300m loan and the provision of 10,00 industrial advisers

1950

China gave major economic concessions, in mining rights to the USSR in Manchuria + in the Western province of Xinjiang

1950’s

Korean War

1950-53

Khrushchev recognises that 1950 treaty was unfair

1953

Khrushchev offers a better trade deal + gave up USSR’s economic control of Manchuria and Xinjiang and promised assistance in starting China;s civilian nuclear programme

1954

Cities grew by 40m in ….

1950-57

3 AND 5 ANTIS

1951-52

3 Antis launched - against Bureaucrats

1951

5 Antis launched - against Businessmen

1952

2 million in the laogai camps

1953

100 flowers campaign

1956-57