Learning Objectives: Chapter 16 - Care of the Newborn and Infant (Pedi Exam 1)

Cephalocaudal pattern of development

Development from head to toe.

Proximodistal pattern of development

Development from the trunk outward.

Gross motor skills

Develop before fine motor.

Fine motor skills progression in infants

Start as a reflex and develop into a purposeful pincer grasp.

Well-baby checkups schedule

At birth, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months.

Physical assessment order for infants

Auscultate first, perform most invasive procedures last.

Comfort during assessments for infants

On the parent's lap.

Posterior fontanelle closure

By 2-3 months.

Anterior fontanelle closure

By 12-18 months.

Normal infant eye alignment until 6 months

Strabismus.

Ear assessment in infants

Pulled back and down.

Normal heart rate range for infants

80-160 bpm.

PMI location in an infant

4th intercostal space.

Normal respiratory pattern in newborns

Irregular breathing with occasional pauses.

Respiration assessment duration in infants

One full minute.

Normal skin findings in newborns

Salmon patches and congenital dermal melanocytosis.

Benign metatarsus adductus

Curved foot inward, treat with gentle stretching.

Primitive reflexes present at birth

Sucking, rooting, Moro, Babinski.

Babinski reflex disappearance

By 24 months.

Appearance of protective reflexes

After 12 months.

Normal newborn weight changes

Lose 10% of weight in first week, regain by week 2; double by 4-6 months; triple by 12 months.

Length increase in the first year

1.5-2.5 cm/month (0-6 mo), 1 cm/month (6-12 mo).

FLACC pain scale

Pain assessment in 2 mo-7 yr old children.

NIPS pain scale

Neonatal pain assessment, max score 7.

Cooing onset

Around 2 months.

Babbling onset

Around 6 months.

First words in infants

Around 12 months.

Color vision development

By 7 months.

Primary nutrition source for the first 6 months

Breast milk or formula.

Introduction of solids

At 6 months; iron-fortified cereal first.

Interval for introducing new foods

Every 2-3 days.

Avoiding cow's milk before 12 months

Risk of GI bleeding.

Newborn sleep duration

~16 hours/day.

Recommended safe infant sleep

Room sharing (not bed-sharing) until 6 months.

SIDS prevention practices

Back to sleep, firm mattress, no loose bedding.

Types of vaccines

Live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, conjugate.

Common barriers to immunizations

Financial and transportation issues.

Colic

Excessive crying; peaks at 6 weeks, resolves by 3-6 months.

BRUE

Brief Resolved Unexplained Event; includes cyanosis, muscle tone changes, apnea.

Diaper rash treatment

Keep skin dry, use barrier creams, avoid moisture.

Fever indicating illness in infants

Temp >100.4°F (38°C) rectally.

Oral health care for infants

No bottle propping, teething relief, dentist visit by age 3.

Infant play type

Solitary play.