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dictatorship, unelected leader ex. king
Liberal
to be free of authoritarian power --> people = power ex. parliamentary, constitutional monarchies
Classical Liberalism
The political ideology of individual liberty, private property, a competitive market economy, free trade, and limited government.
humans can make rational decisions
Renaissance
"rebirth"
revival of Greek and Roman thinking
support teachings of church through reason
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement that attempted to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
reason is as significant as faith for Christians
opposition to church and hierarchy
Enlightenment
Age of Reason
beliefs of classical liberalism promoted
the individual
question authority
rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.
Decleration of the Rights of Man
National Assembly adopted a statement of revolutionary ideas that ended special rights of 1st and 2nd estates, allowed french equal rights, and gave the power to the state over the church.
classical liberal economic theory
A body of thought based on Adam Smith's ideas about the forces of supply and demand in the marketplace, emphasizing the social and economic benefits when individuals pursue their own self-interest.
Laissez-faire economics
economic system where government should not interfere in the marketplace
What lead to the growth of laissez faire economics? (3)
New ideas about human potential/individual worth ("commoners" free to create wealth/ achieve status)
A government friendly to business and innovation
A huge amount of investment capital and cheap labour, people encouraged by possibility of reward
Great Law of Peace
Haudensaunee (Iroquois) peoples influenced liberal thought in North America.
unity among the nations, divided power between levels of government, and equal participation in government (including women)
guaranteed freedom of speech and the rights of individuals.
Hobbes
security of individual (sacrifice individuality to monarch)
Locke
govt for protection (providing natural rights)
Rousseau
General will (consensus)
Montesquieu
balance 3 branches of govt (no branch too powerful)
worth/equality of individual + accountability of govt
each section of govt check others power
judiciary - judge laws, executive govt - laws into action, parliament/legislative - make/change laws
Adam Smith
founder of modern economics
created GDP -limited govt, society stable --> encourage capitalist trade (laissez faire)
self-interest in market --> strengthen economy --> benefit people
John Stuart Mill
political freedom for everyone (rights for women)
protect private property, rule of law
harm principle: limitations only on things that will harm others
American Liberalism
John Locke Ideas - Declaration of Independence --> to secure natural rights --> govt protection but people still of power
did not apply to all citizens (slaves)
British Liberalism
took advantage of colonies --> British provide land so they are justified in taxing colonies
Stamp Act = British first direct tax on America
French Revolution
inequality
king --> absolute power
clergy/noble --> privilege
What causes revolution?
famine, inequality enlightenment, Ancien Regime
Iran (current situation)
similar to French Revolution
new leader promised better economy 0 made situation worse (inflation raised taxes)
favoring the rich
leadership based on religion shaped structure of society
who imposes power
govt
imposes limits on: laws, forces
govt restrained by constitution is needed
society norms
people forced to conform or ostracized
society is the tyrant (cruel ruler)
inescapable unless isolation
Harm Principle
Mills limits
other- regarding action - an action that directly harms another individual
self-regarding action - actions that only harm individual
Mercantilism
economic system that makes monarch and few individuals rich
certain companies have monopoly over industries
deep economic divisions
hard for average person to rise classes
Free Market
Adam smith favoured over mercantilism
freely compete ( stronger/better forces will do better)
Meritocracy
Invisible Hand - when people pursue their self-interest --> unintentionally contribute to the well-being of society
What caused the Industrial Revolution?
large labour forces: large population, rise in food production
Science/Technology/Entrepreneurship: understand world/science for agriculture, entrepreneurship--> provide motivation--> increase production and innovation
What principles does classical liberalism emrace?
Rule of Law
Individual rights and freedoms
Private property
Economic freedom
Self-interest
Competition
What is the "rule of law"?
Everyone must follow the law. Leaders must obey the law. Government must obey the law. No one is above the law.
Where did classical liberalism emerge from?
Renaissance/Reformation (14-16th Century) Enlightenment/Age of Reason (17th Century) French/American Revolution (18th Century)
Where can the influence of classical liberalism can be seen?
Britain and America during the Industrial Revolution (19th Century)
Why did the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1750's?
Government was a Constitutional Monarchy
Agricultural Revolution and Enclosure Acts
Excess capital to invest in technology
Extensive international access to resources
New Factories being developed to house new machines
How did the Industrial Revolution change 19th-century society in several ways?
New class structure (Nouveau Riche)
Growing gap between rich (owners) and poor (workers)
Very poor working/living conditions of factory workers
Mass urbanization
New social issues (crime, pollution, disease, housing)
End of subsistence living (enough resources for survival)
Enclosure Movement
(1700s) - privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization.
land owners fence off land
How did economy change during Industrial Revolution?
Changed from mercantilist (government controlling) to capitalist economy
nouvaeu riche
mid class rise in wealth (more power and influence)
Gilded Age
1870s - 1890s - (looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor)
economic growth in US
Factory Life
12 hour workdays, harsh, bad working conditions, little pay, there weren't laws about protecting workers
Enivronmental Issues during Industrial Revolution
black smoke in air
human/chemical waste in rivers
Triangle Fire
a fire in New York's Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911 killed 146 people, mostly women.
died because the doors were locked
Dramatized the poor working conditions and let to federal regulations to protect workers.'
run by Isaac Harris and Max Blanck
Welfare Capitalism
An approach to labor relations in which companies meet some of their workers' needs without prompting by unions, thus preventing strikes and keeping productivity high
governments provide protection for workers as a policy
some think this can lead to a lazy society
Factory Acts
laws passed by British parliamentary for better working conditions
(ex. children work max 12 hours day, illegal to employ children under 9, compulsory education up to 9 years old)
Theodore Roosevelts Square Deal
founded progressive party
changed needed in society for this
equal opportunities
rewards for good service
Points of Progressive Party (1912)
equal suffrage
Duty of nation = conservation of human resources
prevent industrial accidents injuries
prohibit child labor
national health service
Causes of the Great Depression
after stock market crash
demand sustained by credit
agriculture suffering
growth in construction
stock market speculation
Unemployment significant in Great Depression
weak bank system (rely on own resources)
less money in circulation
deflation
business cut costs
people lose jobs
Classical Liberals and Boom and Bust Cycle
free market will naturally sort it out
people responsible for preparing for future fluctuations
John Maynard Keyne
how government should manage boom and bust cycle
government intervention in economy when needed
government save when economy good, spend when bad
government use fiscal and monetary policies to lessen shock of cycle
fiscal policy
Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling taxing and spending.
monetary policy
the setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bank
and interest rates
Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal
to prevent economic depression
Relief - increase employment
Recovery - get economy back into high gear
Reform - regulate banks, abolish child labour, conserve farmland
Luddites
skilled textile workers had jobs taken away due to labourer's
Army of Redressers formed by Ned Ludd
broke into factories and destroyed machinery
were unsuccessful - silenced through use of violence and machine breaking becomes punishable by death
Chartists
political and social reform
universal suffrage (men over 21)
voting by secret ballet
pay for members of parliament
provide benefits to working class (fix problems of classical liberalism)
petitions rejected, many killed, but ideas were used in Acts 40 years later
Utopian Socialist
end to band conditions of workers
Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, Claude Saint-Simon
education and working conditions improve --> peace and happiness
cooperation betweeen workers
was sucessful --> companies and education system using reward method
Marxist
socialism
developed by Karl Marx
overthrow bourgeoise (owners) and have control over production
government owned land, economic equality
used by soviet union and china (hard to compete with classical liberalism)
Classical Conservatism
government represent the legacy of the past and well being of the present
stability of society is all important
limited people of power (some people more suited for power than others)
used around the world
Edmund Burke
Con of classical liberalism
led to inequalities and issues in society
What new ideologies emerged to compete with classical liberalism for the basis of society? (5)
Luddites Chartism Utopian Socialism Marxism Classical Conservatism
How did Classical liberalism respond to these new ideologies?
Introducing legislation to protect workers (Factory Acts)
Providing a safety net to head off demand for labour unions (welfare capitalism)
Helping to enforce equal negotiation between workers and owners (square deal)
Bring about more equality to society (Progressivism)
Progressivism
The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.
How does modern liberalism differs from classical liberalism?
More government involvement in economy (Keynesian)
Enforcing labour laws
Recognizing labour unions
Providing a social welfare net (minimum standard of living)
Providing equality and suffrage to more groups in society
Czar Nicholas II
-Russian Czar during WWI
absolute rule (Divine Right Theory)
unpopular with Russian people
Imperial Russia
overthrown by Bolsheviks after November Revolution (1917)
Bolsheviks
party of revolutionary Marxists
led by Vladimir Lenin
slow industrialization
supported by workers, peasants and soldiers -seized power in Russia in 1917.
Duma
-The elected parliament -Started by Czar Nicholas II
seemed like the Czar was giving his people power but also introduced fundamental laws -fundamental Laws: Czar could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like (Czar above law)
Bloody Sunday
1905; peaceful march by Russians turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds
What was the final straw for the start of the Russian Revolution?
lost war with Japan (losing WWI battles)
March 8, 1917
riots take place in Petrograd (St. Petersburg)
International Women's Day
Textile worker's strike
"Bread and Peace"—an end to World War I, to food shortages, and to czarism.
Totalitarianism
Complete government control
elite and non-elite (hierarchy)
use of propaganda, force and terror, and complete control of media -a response to liberalism ex. Radical (Soviet Union) or Reactionary (Nazi Germany)
Russian Civil War
when "white" anticommunists fought the "red" communists (Bolsheviks) to decide how Russia would be governed
red wins to establish communism
Marxism vs. Leninism (1 similarity, 3 differences)
Agree - history dealt with class struggle --> needs to be fixed Differences - (1) Marxism = sees struggles between capitalists and workers Leninism = capitalists against workers/peasants
(2) Marxism= workers conditions become so bad revolution automatically happens Leninism = revolution will not happen without guidance of revolutionaries
(3) Marxism= revolution ends with communal ownership of wealth Leninism = revolution ends by single party ensuring values are followed
NEP (New Economic Policy)
Capitalist Economic Policy Lenin establishes to improve Russia's economy after the revolution
The Red Terror
a period of political repression and mass killings carried out by Bolsheviks after the beginning of the Russian Civil War in 1918
get rid of Bolshevik enemies
Stalin
1924 -power after Lenins death
leader of USSR
5 Year Plan
Controlled Economy
5 year plan
development of iron and steel, machine-tools, electric power and transport. -increase in coal and iron production and - increase in electric power
reasoning: without industrialization Russia would not be able to defend itself against capitalist countries in the west
Collectivization
-everything goes to the government and then is shared to the people
All farm land is to be pooled into giant collective farms to increase output Kulaks (wealthier peasants) resist in the Ukraine
Kulaks
Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour. They were their own class.
Holodomor
felt threated by Ukraine
a man-made famine-genocide in which the USSR starved the people of Ukraine; killed millions
Purges
Joseph Stalin's policy of exiling or killing millions of his opponents and enemies in the communist party in the Soviet Union
sent to gulags
Propaganda in the Soviet Union
against bourgeoise (capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production.)
support proletarians (workers) and say they are happy
anti-liberal
glorying regime
Gulags
Soviet labor camps located in Siberia
for enemies of the state
NKVD
-Stalin's secret police
sent political opponents to gulag camps
they are the law
police state - to instill fear
Trotsky
Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army
was sent to a purge by Stalin
Personality Cult
excessive public admiration for or devotion to a political leader.
Stalin portrayed as a god
politcal spectrum
Facism
a political system headed by a dictator - calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition
Characteristics of facism
anti-intellectualism
hierarchy
glorification of work
society must dominate other nations (have to be obedient, state comes first)
How did Hitler come to power?
Treaty Of Versailles caused hyperinflation, unemployment, great depression
Hitler promised change
Authoritarian Rule in Germany
ruled by absolute kings Kaisers
Weimar Republic - democracy that had instability and chaos (accepting treaty of Versailles)
Facism vs Communism
similarities - government complete control over economy
differences - fascism -government ownership/control is for military -economic decisions benefit party and elite, rather than workers
Munich Putsch
Hitler's attempt to overthrow the Weimar government
resulted in him in jail
Reichstag Fire
parliament building set on fire and blamed on communists' plot
gives Hitler Enabling Act to be above the law
SA - Brownshirts
used violence to attack socialists and communists and to protect officials of the Nazi party
Aryan Race
Hitlers version of the perfect people, "blonde hair and blue eyes"
helped promote antisemitism (back stabbers)
Nuremberg Laws
laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood
they were blamed for war loses, and economic failure.
took away many of their rights
Darwinism
Charles Darwin
some nations are more fit to survive
eugenics - selective breeding (only certain traits should be passed on)
Captain of Industry vs. Robber Baron
"robber baron" was applied to powerful nineteenth-century industrialists who were viewed as having used questionable practices to amass their wealth.
"captains of industry" were business leaders whose means of amassing a personal fortune contributed positively to the country in some way.
Theodore Roosevelt
reformer president
government intervention for food safety
square deal to prevent large companies from having marketplace control
William Howard Taft
us president
modern liberalists
promoted rooselevets ideas
break up trusts (large business)
Sherman Anti- Trust Act to prevent monopiles
wanted government intervention
Alphonse Desjardins
Created credit Unions and community banks
didnt like high interest costs
Note
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