AP Human Geo Unit 4-5 Review

GMOs

Genetically modified organisms; a plant/ animal in which it has been modified to alter the characteristics of the organism.

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement - a trilateral trade block; eliminated most tariffs in order to compete in a extremely competitive trade market.

Animal and Plant Domestication

Animals - where humans cultivate and breed wild animals to develop traits that make them useful

Plants - where plants are cultivated into productive crop

Plant Domestication Hearths

The Fertile Crescent (SW Asia), Peru, Mexico, Eastern Woodlands

Extensive Farming

Type of agricultural practice that utilizes large areas of land with relatively low inputs of labor and capital per unit of land.

Free range chicken

Where chickens have access to the outdoors in order to spend time to pasture.

Spartly Islands

Large groups of reefs located in the South China Sea. Its current dispute is that each country near it wants to claim ownership of each and every one of the island.

Catalonia

An autonomous community from Spain; designated as a nationality its statute of Autonomy.

Agriculture in California

Mainly Mediterranean agriculture in California; exclusively.

Balkanization

The breakup of a larger country into smaller independent states. An example can be the breakup of the Ottoman empire as well as Yugoslavia.

Agriculture & Climate

Winter wheat - crops planted in the autumn, harvested in the early spring.

Spring wheat - crops planted in the spring, harvested in the winter

Former USSR boundaries

Started by the iron curtain; metaphor used to divide Europe into two parts from WWII to the end of the Cold War. Example of a boundary can be Ukraine.

Women in Agriculture

Only so little women are in Agriculture due to societal norms of being in the house, taking care of their family, etc. Countries with women in agriculture can be Indonesia.Only 9% of women control farms.

First Agricultural Revolution

The shift from hunter-gatherer to settled agricultural communities.

Second Agricultural Revolution

The increase of mechanization of farming, improved transportation, development of large scale irrigation and changes to consumption patterns.

Chemicals in Agriculture

Main types of agrochemicals are: pesticides, fertilizers, soil conditioners and plant growth regulators.

Berlin Conference

A conference of colonial powers to which discussed the partition of Africa and which colonizer desired to take which part as well as refukate its trade.

Centripetal Forces

A factor that unites people within a nation. Examples can be common language or strong leadership.

Centrifugal Forces

A factor that pushes/ divides people within a nation. An example can be political conflicts.

Characteristics of: Federal States

Large area with various ethnic groups and power is shared between central and regional governments.

Characteristics of: Unitary States

A centralized government that has all the authority.

Law of the Sea

A body of customs and agreements that maintain control of the sea. Elements include: EEZ; exclusive economic zones and the 12-24-200; up to 12 nautical miles, 24 nautical miles from the contagious zone and 200 nautical miles from the EEZ. Contagious zones are a nations enforcement capacity of their territory.

Gerrymandering

The manipulation of boundaries to favor one party. Elements include: packing, stacking, cracking, kidnapping, etc.

Korea/Vietnam Shatterbelts

Both considered shatterbelts because they are geographically located in regions with significant political tensions; often caught between major powers.

Kurds & Self Determination

The Kurds nationalist movement to which it wanted to move to its own centralized authroity.

Supranationalism

A form of organization and governance that goes beyond national boundaries. Examples include the United Nations and the World Trade Organization

Green Revolution

A large increase agricultural production through the use of pesticides, fertilizers and high yield crops.

Von Thunen Model

Explains how the cost of land and transportation affect the type of agriculture practiced in a given land area. The outer most ring is pasture; seen as valuable.

Nomadic Pastoralism

Livestocks are herded and are allowed to graze to seek fresh pastures.

Agribusiness

Businesses that focus on large scale agricultural production and farming; typically use GMO’s

Challenges to Contemporary Agriculture

Climate change, loss of biodiversity and soil degradation are some of the examples as it cannot be easily controlled to which we lose the success of the typical production speed.

Consequent Boundaries

Type of boundary to accommodate the cultural differences among the people living in that area.

Apartheid

The legal implementation of racial segregation; example can be South Africa.

Cold War Boundaries

Germany was partitioned into east and west germany

Ethnic groups in Canada

Irish, Scottish, French; Canada has been racialized by 130%

Bid-Rent Theory

As one moves away from the central business district, the price of land decreases.