Waves

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25 Terms

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Waves transfer energy without transferring matter

Waves transfer energy without transferring matter

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Parts of a wave

Crest - Highest point

Trough - Lowest point

Amplitude - height of a wave from its resting point

Frequency - Number of vibrations per second

<p>Crest - <strong>Highest point</strong></p><p>Trough - <strong>Lowest point</strong></p><p>Amplitude - <span><strong>height of a wave from its resting point</strong></span></p><p>Frequency - <strong>Number of vibrations per second </strong></p>
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Types of Waves- Transverse wave

Coils move up and down

direction of wave is at a right angle

Transverse waves: electromagnetic radiation, water waves seismic S waves

<p>Coils move up and down</p><p>direction of wave is at a right angle </p><p><strong>Transverse waves: electromagnetic radiation, water waves seismic S waves</strong></p>
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Types of Waves- Longitude wave

Coils move left and right

Direction of wave is parallel

Longitude waves: sound waves, seismic p waves

<p>Coils move left and right</p><p>Direction of wave is parallel </p><p><strong>Longitude waves: sound waves, seismic p waves</strong></p>
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The wave equation

Wave speed: V measured in : m/s

Frequency: F measured in : hz- hertz

Wavelength: λ measured in : m

<p>Wave speed: <strong>V </strong>measured in : <strong>m/s</strong></p><p>Frequency: <strong>F </strong>measured in : <strong>hz- hertz</strong></p><p>Wavelength: <span><strong>λ </strong></span>measured in :<strong> m</strong></p>
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Reflection - waves

When a wave hits a barrier its reflected. reflection changes the direction of the wave. direction of the reflected wave depends on the angle of incidence

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

<p>When a wave hits a barrier its reflected. reflection changes the direction of the wave. direction of the reflected wave depends on the angle of incidence</p><p><strong>angle of incidence = angle of reflection</strong></p>
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Refraction - waves

When waves move from one medium to another like deep water to shallow. They change speed. Causing the waves to change direction

deep to shallow - water slows down

<p>When waves move from one medium to another like deep water to shallow. They change speed.<strong> Causing the waves to change direction</strong></p><p><strong>deep to shallow </strong>- water slows down</p>
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Images in a plane mirror

Images in a plane mirror are:

Virtual - can’t be touched

Upright - not upside down

Same size as object

Laterally inverted - Left and right is switched

Same distance from the mirror to object

<p>Images in a plane mirror are:</p><p><strong>Virtual -</strong> can’t be touched</p><p><strong>Upright - </strong>not upside down</p><p><strong>Same size as object </strong></p><p><strong>Laterally inverted - </strong>Left and right is switched</p><p><strong>Same distance from the mirror to object</strong></p>
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Plane mirror - angle of incidence and reflection

Angle of incidence = angle of reflection

<p><strong>Angle of incidence = angle of reflection</strong></p>
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Refraction of light

The change in direction of a light ray passing from one medium to another

More dense medium - bends towards the normal

Less dense medium - bend away from normal

Sound waves travel fast in solids slow in gases

<p>The change in direction of a light ray passing from one medium to another</p><p><strong>More dense medium - </strong>bends towards the normal</p><p><strong>Less dense medium - </strong>bend away from normal</p><p>Sound waves travel fast in solids slow in gases</p>
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Lenses

Types of lenses : Converging, Diverging(convex)

  • Principal focus - the point at which parallel rays converge after passing through a converging lens

  • Focal length - the distance between the centre of the lens and the principal focus

<p>Types of lenses <strong>: Converging, Diverging(convex)</strong></p><p></p><ul><li><p>Principal focus - the point at which parallel rays converge after passing through a <strong>converging lens</strong> </p></li><li><p>Focal length - the distance between the centre of the lens and the principal focus</p></li></ul><p></p>
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  1. Start by drawing a ray going from the top of the object through the centre of the lens. This ray will continue to travel in a straight line

  2. Next draw a ray going from the top of the object, travelling parallel to the axis to the lens. When this ray emerges from the lens it will travel directly through the principal focus f

  3. The image is the line drawn from the axis to the point where the above two rays meet

  • When describing an image, consider if it is:

    • Real or virtual 

    • Magnified (large) or diminished (smaller) - image larger or smaller than original

    • Upright or inverted

<p></p><ol><li><p>Start by drawing a ray going from the top of the object through the <strong>centre</strong> of the lens. This ray will continue to travel in a straight line</p></li><li><p>Next draw a ray going from the top of the object, travelling parallel to the axis to the lens. When this ray emerges from the lens it will travel directly through the <strong>principal focus&nbsp;</strong><em>f</em></p></li><li><p>The image is the line drawn from the axis to the point where the above two rays <strong>meet</strong></p></li></ol><ul><li><p>When describing an image, consider if it is:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Real</strong> or <strong>virtual&nbsp;</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Magnified</strong> (large) or <strong>diminished</strong> (smaller) - image larger or smaller than original</p></li><li><p><strong>Upright</strong> or <strong>inverted</strong></p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Dispersion of light

The dispersion on light is split into a spectrum because the sides of are not parallel it comes out in a different direction this is dispersion

This occurs because whiter light is a mixture of different colours, different colours have different waves lengths the longer the wave length the less light is refracted. red has the longest wavelength and lowest frequency.

Frequency goes is lowest at the top the lower you go the higher the frequency gets

Wavelength is highest at the top the lower you go the lower the frequency get

R

O
Y
G
B
I
V

<p>The dispersion on light is split into a spectrum because the sides of are not parallel it comes out in a different direction this is dispersion </p><p></p><p>This occurs because whiter light is a mixture of different colours, different colours have different waves lengths the longer the wave length the less light is refracted. red has the longest wavelength and lowest frequency.</p><p></p><p><strong>Frequency goes is lowest at the top the lower you go the higher the frequency gets</strong></p><p><strong>Wavelength is highest at the top the lower you go the lower the frequency get</strong></p><p></p><p>R</p><p>O<br>Y<br>G<br>B<br>I<br>V</p>
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Sound

Sound is caused by objects vibrating and air molecules moving backwards and forwards

Sound is a longitudinal wave its a series of compression and rarefactions

Humans can hear at the range of 20Hz to 20,000Hz

A medium is needed to transmit sound waves

hard surface reflect noise soft surface absorbs

Sound travels faster in solids than liquids and liquids is faster than gases

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Measuring speed of sound

  1. Use starting pistol to make a sound

  2. Measure time take between firing the pistol and hearing the noise from 1km away

    Divide distance by the time on watch

<ol><li><p>Use starting pistol to make a sound </p></li><li><p>Measure time take between firing the pistol and hearing the noise from <strong>1km away</strong></p><p><strong>Divide distance by the time on watch</strong></p></li></ol><p></p>
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Amplitude and frequency affecting sound waves

Amplitude determines loudness, with higher amplitude resulting in a louder sound, while frequency determines pitch, with higher frequency corresponding to a higher pitch. 

<p><span><strong><mark data-color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: inherit">Amplitude determines loudness, with higher amplitude resulting in a louder sound, while frequency determines pitch, with higher frequency corresponding to a higher pitch</mark></strong>.&nbsp;</span></p>
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What is an echo

A reflection of a sound wave

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Ultrasound

A sound with a frequency higher than 20,000 Hz

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Compressions and rarefaction

Compression- Regions of higher pressure due to particles being closer together

Rarefaction- Regions of lower pressure due to particles being far apart

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Electromagnetic spectrum

  • They are transverse waves which transfer energy

  • Can be reflected or refracted

  • Can travel through a vacuum at the same high speed

  • The electromagnetic waves in a vacuum travel at the speed of light - 3 × 10 to the power of 8

<ul><li><p>They are transverse waves which transfer energy</p></li><li><p>Can be reflected or refracted </p></li><li><p>Can travel through a vacuum at the same high speed </p></li><li><p>The electromagnetic waves in a <strong>vacuum travel at the speed of light - 3 × 10 to the power of 8</strong></p><p></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Application of regions of the electromganetic spectr

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