Was based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related.
2
New cards
Functionalism
based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of the consciousness, rather than its structure
3
New cards
philosophy
enhances a person's problem solving capabilities
4
New cards
physiology
Study how the human body works
5
New cards
APA
American Psychological Association is the world's largest organization devoted to the advancement of psychology
6
New cards
Stream of Consciousness
Consciousness consists of a continuous flow of thoughts
7
New cards
Wilhelm Wundt
established the first psychology laboratory, structuralism, scientific study of conscious experience
8
New cards
Introspection
examination of one's own thoughts and feelings
9
New cards
Psychoanalysis
procedure used by Sigmund Freud to treat people troubled by psychological problems such as irrational fears, obsessions, anxieties.
10
New cards
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist known for his work on the unconscious mind. Father of psychoanalysis.
11
New cards
Behaviorism
A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
12
New cards
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats. free will is an illusion, fundamental principle of behavior
13
New cards
John B. Watson
behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat
14
New cards
Ivan Pavlov
discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell, behaviorism.
15
New cards
Reinforcement
any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
16
New cards
Humanism
A belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity
17
New cards
Carl Rogers
Humanisic; self-concept and unconditional positive regard drive personality
18
New cards
Abraham Maslow
humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence
19
New cards
cognitive
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
20
New cards
Sociocultural
study of how cultural and political experiences affect our life
21
New cards
evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
22
New cards
Positive Psychology
the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
23
New cards
Neurobiological Psychology
the scientific study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes
24
New cards
developmental psychology (hard)
the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
25
New cards
experimental psychology (hard)
the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
26
New cards
Psychometric Psychology (hard)
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
27
New cards
Social Psychology (hard)
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
28
New cards
Clinical Psychology (soft)
studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
29
New cards
counseling psychology (soft)
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being
30
New cards
educational psychology (soft)
Work to improve curriculum design, achievement testing, teacher training, and other aspects of the educational process.
31
New cards
School Psychology (soft)
Usually work in elementary or secondary schools, where they test and counsel children having difficulties in school and aid parents and teachers in solving school-related problems.
32
New cards
industrial-organizational psychology (soft)
a subfield of psychology that studies and advises on workplace behavior. Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologists help organizations select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, and design products and assess responses to them
33
New cards
Empiricism (1)
the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation
34
New cards
Theoretically Diverse (2)
Psychologists do not set out to collect isolated facts; they seek to explain and understand what they observe. Means diverse theories
35
New cards
Sociohistorical Context (3)
trends, issues, and values in society influence psychology's evolution. Similarly, progress in psychology affects trends, issues, and values in society.
36
New cards
Determined by Multiple Causes (4)
Behavior is complex, affected by many interacting factors
37
New cards
Culture (5)
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
38
New cards
Heredity & Environment (6)
personal traits and abilities are governed either entirely by heredity or entirely by environment.
39
New cards
Subjectivity (7)
Decisions based on personal feelings rather than facts
40
New cards
Self-concept
a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior
41
New cards
Culture
the widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations.
42
New cards
Nature
the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
43
New cards
Nurture
the totality of environmental factors that influence the development and behavior of a person
44
New cards
Subjective
based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions
45
New cards
Skepticism
the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain
46
New cards
Theory
A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations
47
New cards
Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
48
New cards
placebo effect
improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement
49
New cards
Mean, Median, & Mode
3 measures of central tendency
50
New cards
Correlations (positive and negative)
A measure of the extent to which two factors may vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. Positive \= same direction. Negative \= opposite direction.
51
New cards
Control group
In an experiment, the group that either is not exposed to the treatment or receives a zero level of the independent variable
52
New cards
Experimental Group
In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
53
New cards
Dependent Variables
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
54
New cards
independent variable
variable that is manipulated
55
New cards
Extraneous Variables
any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study
56
New cards
Experimental Research
research designed to discover causal relationships between various factors
57
New cards
Descriptive Research
research methods that involve observing behavior to describe that behavior objectively and systematically
58
New cards
Correlational Research
Research that examines the relationships between variables, whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together.
59
New cards
Sensation
stimulation of sense organs
60
New cards
Perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
61
New cards
absolute threshold
the weakest amount of energy that a person can detect half the time
62
New cards
difference threshold
the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli
63
New cards
signal detection
Individual conditions affect decision making when responding to stimuli
64
New cards
subliminal perception
the registration of sensory input without conscious awareness
65
New cards
sensory deprivation
a state in which there is little or no sensory stimulation
66
New cards
sensory adaptation
a decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation
67
New cards
sensation seeking
need for varied/complex sensations and experiences
68
New cards
trichromatic theory
theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green
69
New cards
opponent-process theory
the theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision
70
New cards
reconciling theories of color vision
eyes have 3 different kinds of cones, retina, thalamus, and visual cortex respond in opposite ways to opposite colors
71
New cards
frequency theory
theory of pitch that states that pitch is related to the speed of vibrations in the basilar membrane
72
New cards
volley theory
A theory of hearing that states that the firing rate of an acoustic nerve matches a sound wave's frequency.
73
New cards
place theory
in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
74
New cards
Medulla
Controls unconscious vital function
75
New cards
Cerebellum
Balance and coordination
76
New cards
Pons
sleep and arousal
77
New cards
Reticular Formation
Muscle Reflexes, breathing, pain perception
78
New cards
Basal Gangalia
motor movement
79
New cards
Thalamus
relays messages
80
New cards
Hypothalamus
fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating,
81
New cards
Horomones
carry messages through the body in blood
82
New cards
pituitary gland
stores and releases hormones, master gland
83
New cards
Adrenal Glands
glands that help the body recover from stress and respond to emergencies
84
New cards
Hippocampus
memory and learning
85
New cards
Corpus Callosum
joins two hemispheres of brain and communicates
86
New cards
Occipital Lobe
vision
87
New cards
Temporal Lobe
hearing
88
New cards
Frontal Lobe
Higher level mental activites, muscle movement
89
New cards
Parietal Lobe
Feeling of touch
90
New cards
Wish-fulfillment Theory - Sigmund Freud
He believed that dreams were our way of discharging thoughts otherwise unacceptable to express and all dreams have a latent content, an underlying message in your unconscious.
91
New cards
Problem Solving Theory
a theory that dreaming provides the opportunity to creatively solve everyday problems because dreams are not hampered by logic or realism
92
New cards
activation-synthesis theory
a theory of dreaming; this theory proposes that the brain tries to make sense of random brain activity that occurs during sleep by synthesizing the activity with stored memories
93
New cards
Lucid Dreams
dreams in which the dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming
94
New cards
Controlled Process
process that requires attention; it is often difficult to carry out more than one controlled process at a time
95
New cards
Automatic Process
Requires little conscious awareness and mental effort, minimal attention and does not interfere with the performance of other activities.
96
New cards
Sleep Disorders
serious and consistent sleep disturbances that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress
97
New cards
Circadian Rhythms
Internally generated patterns of body functions, including hormonal signals, sleep, blood pressure, and temperature regulation, which have approximately a 24-hour cycle and occur even in the absence of normal cues about whether it is day or night
98
New cards
Meditation
the focusing of the mind on spiritual ideas
99
New cards
Hilgard
Altered level of consciousness; dissociation
100
New cards
Sleep Apnea
a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep