IR Final Review 1

what are norms

the expectations held by national leaders and normal international relations

morality is...?

the element of power

what are the 3 primary institutions

-International Organizations(IGOS)
-International Regime
-International Institutions

What are international institutions

-Primarily RULES
-can be implied or explicit
-Physical or understood

What are international organizations

-physical/material
-actually exist
-have members
-written charters/mandates
-public/private(IGOS/NGOS)

examples of international organizations

-world bank
-the EU
-NAFTA
-the UN

what is Krainsers defeintion on international regimes

rules, principles, norms and procedures that govern state behavior in specific issue areas of IR

what are NGOS

-non-government organizations
-states are not members
-they do work but have state membership and are privately run

who are the members of IGO

ALWAYS states

examples of REGIONAL IGOs

-ASEAN
-EU
-NAFTO

examples of ISSUE IGOs

-OPEC
-WTO

examples of GlOBAL IGO's

-the UN
-the IMF

what/when was the Concert of Europe

-1815; agreement among the great powers of Europe to maintain the European balance of power, political boundaries, and spheres of influence.

who were the winners/defeated of the Concert of Europe

-UK, Russia, Prussia, Austria-Hungary
-France was defeated

what is the conference system?

it is a simple mechanism to avoid the next war

where did conflict breakout after the conference system in the Concert of Europe

Italy and Germany

what two cities left the conference system causing it to fail

Castlereagh and Metternich

when was the paris peace conference

January 1919 where the treaty of versailles were developed

what was the treaty of versailles

Treaty that ended WWI, signed on June 28, 1919.

initially how many nations signed and ratified the league of nations

44 states and it was founded by Woodrow Willson

who were the members that were defeated by the league of nations

Austria, Hungary, and Turkey

what 2 senators rejected the league of nations to be ratified in the US

-Henry Cabot
-William Borah

who is prohibited from joining the league of nations

Germany

who dominated the league of nations

UK and France

what did the league of nations rely on alot

collective security

3 Reasons the League of Nations failed

-too legal (yes or no)
-too strict
-no universal membership (hard for truly collective action)

where did the league fail

1) Manchuria, China
2) Ethiopia (italian Invasion)
3) Rise of Natzi Germany

why did the league fail in china

-Japanese Invade
-League says no
-Japan withdraws
-League collective action never materializes

why did the league fail in germany

-Nazi Rise
-appeasement of Hitler
-Hitler withdrew from League

why did the league fail in ethiopia

-Italy Invades
-League has only economic sanctions
-feared a major war with Italy

when does the league officially end

start of the world war 2 in 1939

when does the discussion of the UN start

before WW2 even ends

when was the london declaration of the UN

June 1941 between european states

when is the Atlantic Charter discussed for the UN

August 1941 between Roosevelt and Churchill

When is the UN delcaration drafted with 26 members?

January 1942

what was significant about Moscow in 1943

more elaboration of the UN

The BIG 3 is established where and when?

Teheran 1943 (US, UK, USSR)

When was the Bretton Woods Conference?

July 1944

what was the importance of of Bretton Woods Conference

-established an economic structure of UN
-IMF, IBRD(later world bank)
-tried to create an ITO but it was failed by the US senate

When was The Dumbarton Oaks Conference

August 1944

what was the importance of The Dumbarton Oaks Conference

-created a FORMAL structure of the UN; UN Secretariat, UN General Assembly, UN security council and International Court Justice(ICJ)

What is the Yalta Conference?

Conference of the Big Three; Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt. Located in Tehran in 1943. Final plans were laid for smashing the Germans and assigning occupation zones in Germany to the victorious powers.

how was voting decided in UNSC

one veto vote for each PERM members

who were the perm members of UNSC

US,UK,USSR,France and non-communist China

what is the importance of Mexico City Conference

-smaller L.A states get concessions
-Budgetary power
-No sec general from perm 5 will attend
-UNSC will have all states on council for two years

when was UN founded

October 24, 1945

key differences of UN and The League of Nations

-politics can shape the org without causing a war
-structure is unique
-membership IS universal
-nothing too restrictive/legal
-persists- can take failure but still function

why do liberals believe IGOs work

-true promise of cooperation
-mitigation of anarchy
-provides neoliberalism methods to get positive outcomes
-reduces major conflicts

why do realists believe IGOS don't work

-false promise
-only a tool of state power
-no real interest in solving collective action

what is the UN trying to maintain

-peace and security
-economic development
-human rights

what is the purpose of UN

-Settle conflict with least use of force
-respect Sovereignty
*norm of non-intervention

what do the purposed of the UN add up to

A Norm of Non Intervention

how does the UN maintain its membership

- The UN is made up of states
-All states must pay dues
-all states have a seat at the general assembly
-States must obey the UN charter

who pays the most dues in UN

US

what is the UN structure

designed over time to last, be effective, promote interest, and avoid major war between great powers

what are the 5 major organs of the UN

- Security Council
- General Assembly
- Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
- International court of Justice
- Secretariat

what is the security council

-UNSC
-PERM 5
-all issues of force and sanction

what is ECOSOC

- The UN Economic and Social Council
- 54 members
-voted in and out by GA

what is the international court of justice (ICJ

only hears cases from state vs state

what is the secretariat

-included the Sec General
-The bureaucracy of the UN

how long is the secreatriast term

5 years

who are the secretary generals nominated by...?

Sec Council

who are the secretary generals elected by...?

General Assembly

Trygve Lie

-First Secretary General of the United Nations
-1946-1952
-RESIGNED

DAG Hammarskjold

-UN Secretary General during Cold War
-1953-1961
-responsible for peace keeping
-died in plane crash

U Thant

-Burmese diplomat and the third Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1961 to 1971, the first non-European to hold the position
-retired

Kurt Waldheim

-Austria
-1972-1981
-veoted by China for a 3rd term
-possible nazi

Javier Perez de Cuellar

-Peru
-1982-1991
-declined 3rd term nomination

Boutros Ghali

-Egypt
-1992-1996
-Fired after disputes over Peacekeeping
-wrote the agenda for peace

Kofi Annan

-From Ghana he became the UN Secretary General in 1997

Ban Ki Moon

-South Korea
-2007-2016
-declines for 3rd term

Antonio Guterres

Current Secretary General of the UN

peacekeeping

the active maintenance of a truce between nations or communities, especially by an international military force.

Chapter 6 ½

- chapter 6 is the pacific settlements of disputes
- chapter 7 is the use of forces
-peace is the middle of both
"peacekeeping" grants ability to intervene in states to prevent conflict when needed key figures: Dag Hammarskjold

R2P

-Responsibility to protect; theory that outside powers may intervene to stop regimes from abusing their own citizens
-Protects crimes from war, genocide and crimes against humanity

mission creep

happens when military or peacekeeping mission slowly starts doing more or different things than it was originally supposed to do.

Tribunal System

-develops from germany and japan committing war crimes
-ad hoc(military tribunals could write law as needed)
-no tribunals through the Cold War; occur after conflict and genocide in Yugoslavia and Rwanda
-agreement that there needs to be a permanent court (ICC) to hear these cases

conditions where the ICC has to step in

1. state is unwilling to prosecute their own case
2.state is unable to prosecute their own case
3.state does not prosecute with any intent to bring justice

Extraterritoriality

some countries have clear laws but others dontlaw of one state cannot overrule laws of other states

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

The core UN document on human rights; although it lacks the force of international law, it declared that all human beings have rights to life, liberty, and security

what are the conditions for peacekeeping to work

1. must have domestic incentive of parties in conflict
2. must have international consent
3. must have reasonable and achievable mandates

Agenda 4 Peace

-boutros ghali switches from from peacekeeping to peacebuilding
-lack of importance of sovereignty the UN intervenes when necessary missions expand in size, mandate, expense, extent of force, and extent of violation of nonintervention

Suez Crisis (1956)

-July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal
-Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world powertraditional peacekeeping and only occurrence where the USA and USSR agree to start peacekeeping mission

traditional peacekeeping

-always after a ceasefire and with the consent of the parties involved
-lightly equip soldiers are just present to observe duty to manage and peace-keep
-act as buffers and collect info
-only able to use force in cases of self defense

New Era in Peacekeeping

-after cold war
- expands because lack of security dilemma and new vacuum of powershift to peacebuilding
-lack of importance of sovereignty the UN intervenes when necessary
-missions expand in size, mandate, expense, extent of force, and extent of violation of nonintervention

examples of UN failing PK

-Rwanda Genocide
-Yugoslavia

2006 UNSC Resolution

-confirm R2P as international law
-recast peacekeeping to clarify self interest in it so that nation states are more inclined to support missions

International Law/Sources

-a body of rules established by custom or treaty and recognized by nations as binding in their relations with one another.
-treaties, customary law, legal scholarship, and legal principles

treaties/paeta sunt servanda

-signed formal agreements that can be bilateral or multilateral-block of international law; open and sometimes may expire
-idea that treaties should be obeyed once signed

Customary law

everyone understands you should not do a certain thing, despite that it may not be formally written in law often leads to treaties

Jus Ad Bellum/Jus in Bello

jus ad bellum: justice in war-laws to go to war

jus in bello: war crimes, laws in war. evolves over time with role of tech and military, involves crimes against humanity

3 views of Human Rights

1. universal - Jack Donnelly
*based on all rights for all people
*component of human dignity slippery slope idea: any rights violated will lead to states picking and choosing which to violate
2. Basic - Henry show
same rights given to all, some to some, and some to a few security, subsistence, and political rights
3. cultural relativism
*human rights are subject to state interest
*problematic: only right is the right to culture

globalization

Removal of barriers to trade and the opening up of markets for the sale of goods, EVERYWHERE

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; international trade organization that encourages free trade by lowering tariffs and other trade restrictions
*WTO wasnt created it led to the GT

what two new tribunals did the United Nations prosecute?

ICTR, the International Criminal tribunal for Rwanda, and ICTY, the International Criminal tribunal for Yugoslav.

what is IPE?

International Political Economy, the study of the actions and interactions of states and markets in the int'l system

what were the three biggest problems for the GATT

1. Agriculture
2. the idea and the rise of intellectual property and intellectual property rights
3. Service sectors policies

do IGOs work?

Realists-NO, only a tool of state power, no interest in solving collective action
Liberals-YES, true promise of cooperation