glycolysis

glucogenesis

formation of glucose from carbon precursors

what are the reactants of glycolysis?

glucose, 2 ADP, 2 NAD+, 2 inorganic Pi

what are the products of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

fermentation

anaerobic degradation of glucose

what are the two main phases of glycolysis?

prepatory/hexose phase and the payoff/triose phase

what step do two products form?

step four, fru 1,6 bipi is cleaved to form DHAP and G3P

what steps are metabolites formed during?

1: 1 ATP in , 3: 1 ATP in, 6: 2 NADH out, 7: 2 ATP out, 10: 2 ATP out

what can happen to pyruvate after glycolysis?

it can be oxidized to acetyl Co-A, reduced to lactate, converted to ethanol and CO2

how are reactants reformed to continue glycolysis?

anaerobic conversion of pyruvate regenerated NAD+ as pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH

gluconeogenesis

formation of glucose from pyruvate; requires 6 Pi groups

what steps in gluconeogenesis are different from glycolysis?

1: pyruvate to oxaloacetate, 3: , 10: glu 6 Pi is hydrolyzed to glucose

PFK-1

catalyzes the reaction that commits glucose to glycolysis

how is PFK-1 regulated?

stimulated by AMP and ADP, inhibited by ATP

F26BP

regulates PFK-1 and FBPase-1, formed when PFK2 is active, broken down when FBPase-2 is active

FBPase-1

catalyzes gluconeogenesis

how is FBPase-1 regulated

inhibited by AMP

what determines the amount of F26BP present?

PKA-2 increases and FBPase-2 decreases

FBPase-2

stimulates gluconeogenesis by breaking down F26BP

PKA-2

stimulates glycolysis by forming F26BP

how are PKA-2 and FBPase-2 regulated?

glucagon and insulin

glucagon

released when glucose is low, phosphorates protein2 to activate FBPase-2

insulin

released when glucose high, dephosphorylates protein2 to activate PFK-2