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Cell Division
The process by which cells reproduce and divide.
Unicellular organisms
Organisms that consist of a single cell and reproduce through cell division.
Multicellular organisms
Organisms that consist of multiple cells and depend on cell division for development, growth, and repair.
Mitosis
The division of the nucleus in eukaryotic cell division.
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cell division.
Meiosis
Sex cells are produced after a reduction in chromosome number
Interphase and mitotic phase
Cell Cycle consists of
G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase
interphase can be divided into subphases
Mitotic phase
Is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis
Interphase
The preliminary stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for cell division.
Chromatin
Long, thin strands of DNA that condense into chromosomes during cell division.
Sister chromatids
Two identical copies of a chromosome that are connected at the centromere.
Centromere
The constricted region of a chromosome that holds the sister chromatids together.
Kinetochore
A complex protein-containing structure to which microtubules attach during cell division.
Checkpoint
A critical control point in the cell cycle where "stop" and "go-ahead" signals regulate the cell cycle.
Mitotic phase
The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.
Mitosis
The process of cell division that involves the division of the nucleus and genetic material, resulting in the production of two daughter cells from a single parent cell.
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm that occurs after mitosis, resulting in the formation of two daughter cells.
PMAT
An acronym for the stages of mitosis - Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
Cleavage furrow
A groove that forms during cytokinesis in animal cells, indicating the site of cell division.
Centrosomes
Structures that contain centriole pairs and play a role in organizing the mitotic spindle during mitosis.
Chromatin
The material that makes up chromosomes, consisting of DNA and proteins.
Sister chromatids
Two identical copies of a chromosome that are connected at the centromere.
Kinetochore
A protein structure on the centromere of a chromosome that attaches to spindle fibers during mitosis.
Microtubules
Tubular structures that make up the mitotic spindle and are involved in chromosome movement during mitosis.
Metaphase plate
An imaginary plane in the cell where chromosomes align during metaphase.
Anaphase
The stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.
Telophase
The final stage of mitosis where daughter nuclei form and the chromosomes disperse.
Actin
A protein involved in cytokinesis that forms a contractile ring to pinch the cell into two daughter cells in animal cells.
Cell plate
A structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells, eventually becoming the cell wall between the two daughter cells.
Mitosis
The process of cell division in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Eukaryotes
Organisms whose cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Spindle
A structure made of microtubules that helps separate the chromosomes during cell division.
Nuclear envelope
The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a cell.
Dinoflagellates
Unicellular protists in which the nuclear envelope remains intact during cell division.
Microtubules
Hollow tubes made of proteins that help support the cell and assist in various cellular processes.
Cytoplasmic tunnels
Passageways through the cytoplasm that allow microtubules to pass through the nucleus in dinoflagellates.
Diatoms
Another group of unicellular protists in which the nuclear envelope remains intact during cell division, but the microtubules form a spindle within the nucleus.
Prokaryotes
Organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
Binary fission
The process of cell division in prokaryotes, where the cell splits into two daughter cells.
Daughter chromosomes
The replicated chromosomes that are separated and move to opposite ends of the cell during cell division.
Non-disjunction
A failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division.
Aneuploidy
A condition in which the chromosomes do not separate properly during cell division, often associated with cancer.
Genetic deletion
A mutation in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is missing.
Chromosomal inversion
A chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed from end to end
Zygote
Is formed from the union of two gametes