CELL-CYCLE

Cell Division

Cell Division

The process by which cells reproduce and divide.

Unicellular organisms

Organisms that consist of a single cell and reproduce through cell division.

Multicellular organisms

Organisms that consist of multiple cells and depend on cell division for development, growth, and repair.

Mitosis

The division of the nucleus in eukaryotic cell division.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cell division.

Meiosis

Sex cells are produced after a reduction in chromosome number

Interphase and mitotic phase

Cell Cycle consists of

G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase

interphase can be divided into subphases

Mitotic phase

Is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis

Interphase

The preliminary stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for cell division.

Chromatin

Long, thin strands of DNA that condense into chromosomes during cell division.

Sister chromatids

Two identical copies of a chromosome that are connected at the centromere.

Centromere

The constricted region of a chromosome that holds the sister chromatids together.

Kinetochore

A complex protein-containing structure to which microtubules attach during cell division.

Checkpoint

A critical control point in the cell cycle where "stop" and "go-ahead" signals regulate the cell cycle.

Mitotic phase

The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.

Mitosis

The process of cell division that involves the division of the nucleus and genetic material, resulting in the production of two daughter cells from a single parent cell.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm that occurs after mitosis, resulting in the formation of two daughter cells.

PMAT

An acronym for the stages of mitosis - Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

Cleavage furrow

A groove that forms during cytokinesis in animal cells, indicating the site of cell division.

Centrosomes

Structures that contain centriole pairs and play a role in organizing the mitotic spindle during mitosis.

Chromatin

The material that makes up chromosomes, consisting of DNA and proteins.

Sister chromatids

Two identical copies of a chromosome that are connected at the centromere.

Kinetochore

A protein structure on the centromere of a chromosome that attaches to spindle fibers during mitosis.

Microtubules

Tubular structures that make up the mitotic spindle and are involved in chromosome movement during mitosis.

Metaphase plate

An imaginary plane in the cell where chromosomes align during metaphase.

Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.

Telophase

The final stage of mitosis where daughter nuclei form and the chromosomes disperse.

Actin

A protein involved in cytokinesis that forms a contractile ring to pinch the cell into two daughter cells in animal cells.

Cell plate

A structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells, eventually becoming the cell wall between the two daughter cells.

Mitosis

The process of cell division in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Eukaryotes

Organisms whose cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Spindle

A structure made of microtubules that helps separate the chromosomes during cell division.

Nuclear envelope

The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a cell.

Dinoflagellates

Unicellular protists in which the nuclear envelope remains intact during cell division.

Microtubules

Hollow tubes made of proteins that help support the cell and assist in various cellular processes.

Cytoplasmic tunnels

Passageways through the cytoplasm that allow microtubules to pass through the nucleus in dinoflagellates.

Diatoms

Another group of unicellular protists in which the nuclear envelope remains intact during cell division, but the microtubules form a spindle within the nucleus.

Prokaryotes

Organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Binary fission

The process of cell division in prokaryotes, where the cell splits into two daughter cells.

Daughter chromosomes

The replicated chromosomes that are separated and move to opposite ends of the cell during cell division.

Non-disjunction

A failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division.

Aneuploidy

A condition in which the chromosomes do not separate properly during cell division, often associated with cancer.

Genetic deletion

A mutation in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is missing.

Chromosomal inversion

A chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed from end to end

Zygote

Is formed from the union of two gametes