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About how much of Earth’s land surface is used for agriculture?
38%
Crop rotation does all of the following except
Let fields lie unused
Cost and time efficient industrial agriculture requires that large areas be planted with
a single crop
Because of the green revolution between 1961 and 2008, food production
increased 150% while the population doubled
A secure food supply depends on all of the following except
increased use of fertilizer
The organic matter in soil includes
living and decomposing organisms
Which soil conservation technique is used in the picture
Shelterbelts
Arid and semiarid lands are prone to desertification because
the principal cannot meet the growing human demand for water
Traditional agriculture may use all of the following except
fossil fuels
Which soil conservation technique is shown in the picture
Contour farming
Industrial food production includes
all of the above
Soil texture is based on
particle size
The soil type with the largest average particle size is
sand
Mineral matter and organic matter make up 50% of soil. What makes up the remaining 50%
Water and air
The base geological material from which soil is formed
parent material
The practice of planting seeds from the plants you like most
selective breeding
What two things “powered” traditional agriculture
people and animal
Along with industrial agriculture came an increased usage of
all of the above: fossil fuels, fertilizers, and pesticides
Term for land that is suited for farming
arable
GMO’s refer to
organisms who have had their DNA modified
Which of the following is accepted on an “organic” farm
natural fertilizers
More than 97% of Earth’s total water supply is found in
oceans
The water table is the upper limit of the
zone of saturation
You must build a model of an aquifer for a science project. What material would be the best to use of a layer that will hold water
A permeable material, such as gravel
One process used to obtain fresh water from salt water is called
desalination
Globally, most freshwater used by humans is for
agricultural irrigation
The All-American Canal, which brings water from the Colorado River to farm fields in California is an example of
water diversion
Which of the following does not contribute to water conservation
watering lawns during peak sunlight hours, when plants need water the most
An oil spill is an example of
point-source pollution
Water that flows over land and has not been absorbed into the ground is called
runoffAll
of the land area that supplies water to a particular river system is called a
watershed
The buildup of salts in the surface layers of soil is called
salinization
Groundwater mining is the process of
withdrawing groundwater faster than it can be replaced
Chlorine is often added during water treatment to
kill disease-causing organisms
Which of the following is not a major source of renewable energy
natural gas
Which two kinds of renewable energy use turbines
wind and hydropower
The use of coal power has ___ in recent years
decreased
Which current crisis can renewable resources alleviate
global warming
What is a hidden cost of fossil fuel energy production
poor air quality
Which of the following includes only biotic factors
population
Which of the following is not included in a typical age structure diagram
the population’s historical growth
Which of the following equations summarizes population growth
(immigration + birth) - (emigration + deaths)
A group of individuals that interbreed and produce fertile offspring is a common definition for
species
Which of the following describes a population that is distributed evenly across an area
uniform
Which of the following terms describes seasonal movement of individuals into and out of a population
migration
The largest population size a given environment can sustainably support is known as its
carrying capacity
A population that increases 5% every year is said to be experiencing
exponential growth
If you were to graph the population growth of the Kaibab deer from 1906 to 1923, what would you see
A J-shaped upward curve showing a very rapid increase
Deer can live 10-25. Which of the following most likely describes an age structure diagram of the Kaibab deer population in 1923?
A triangle with a very wide base and narrow top
Which population of flamingos is more dense
40 flamingos in a 10 square meter area
In which of the following pairs do both organisms belong to the same population
Two bass living in Lake Harmony
A population of some species is most likely to grow exponentially
when the species moves into a new area of suitable habitat
A population will most likely deplete the resources of its environment if the population
grows beyond carrying capacity
What type of distribution is most common in nature
clumped
Using the diagram, what type of population growth do you expect from the county with the age structure diagram on the left
rapid growth
Which of the following is not a mechanism for biological evolution
inheritance of acquired characteristics
A caterpillar eats some grass. A bird eats a caterpillar. A fox eats a bird. Which of the following food chains represents this series of feeding relationships
Grass → caterpillar → bird → fox
Which of the following organisms is often a pioneer species: grasses, lichen, otters, spruces
lichen
Organisms can be considered keystone species only if they
exert strong community-wide effects
Which of the following is an example of artificial selection
throroughbred racehorses have been bred for speed
The yellow perch is a fish that breeds in spring. A single female can produce up to 40,000 eggs at one time. This species is an example of which of the key ideas of natural selection
individuals produce an excess of offspring
In 2002, two populations of Darwin’s finches were studies. After a drought that caused only large seeds to be available to the birds, they found that natural selection favored those birds that had larger beaks and bodies. Once the rains returned and smaller seeds became more abundant, however, natural selection favored those birds that had smaller beaks and bodies. Which of the following processes is the best interpretation of this scenario
microevolution
Which of the following statements is not correct: most speciation is thought to occur via allopatric speciation, speciation cannot occur without geographic isolation, speciation can be caused by either natural selection or random processes, geographic isolation can eventually lead to reproductive isolation
speciation cannot occur without geographic isolation
Which of the following conditions does not define the fundamental niche of a species: humidity, predators, temperature, pH
predators
Some scientists estimate that the current global extinction rate is about 30,000 species per years. If there are currently 10,000,000 species on Earth, how long will it take to destroy all of Earth’s biodiversity
Between 300-500 years
What term do scientists use to describe how reproductively successful an organism is in its environment
fitness
Everything an organism does and when it does it desribes an organism’s
niche
Which of the following is an interaction in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed (+/-): parasitism, mutualism, competition, commensalism
parasitism
Which of the following is an interaction in which both organisms are harmed (-/-): parasitism, predation, competition, commensalism
competition
Which of the following types of organisms perform photosynthesis: primary producer, herbivore, carnivore, detrivore
primary producer
Which of the following organisms is a decomposer: plant, tiger, mushroom, deer
mushroom
What is true about energy transfer in communities
Most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as heat
About how much energy in one trophic level transfers to the trophic level above it
10%
The Industrial Revolution
began in the 1700s, societies shifted from rural life to urban life style
Infant mortality
number of babies out of 1000 that die during their first year of life
life expectancy
average number of years an individual is expected to live
growth rate
how a population changes in size during a specific period of time
demography
the study of human population statistics
total fertility rate
average number of children a female had during her lifetime
replacement fertility
the total fertility rate of a nation that would keep its population size stable
demographic transition
model that explains the change from high births and deaths to low births and deaths
Developments during the Industrial Revolution resulted in ___ infant mortality rate
decreases
Developments during the Industrial Revolution resulted in ___ in life expectancy
increases
During the Industrial Revolution, many people moved from rural areas to ___ areas
urban
When human population reaches carrying capacity, its growth rate will be
zero
Which of these population distributions best describes human populations: uniform, clumped, random, uniform and clumped
clumped
Why are humans populations distributed this way
humans live close to where most resources are found
What was the greatest cause of the exponential increase of human population
the industrial revolution
What is the current human population
7.7 billion
What will not happen when the Earth reaches carrying capacity: the human population will continue to grow, there will be a limited number of resources available for people, the human population growth rate will be 0, people will continue to have children
human population will continue to grow
Which countries contribute to the most carbon emissions per capita into the atmosphere
the rich countries contribute more
Which countries will be most affected by increased carbon emissions
all of the countries will be affected equally
The industrial revolution improved
sanitation, medical technology and agriculture
Which of the following is not an improvement brought by the industrial revolution: more people washed their hands with soap, the invention of antibiotics and vaccines, more collaboration between leading nations, large machines for fast production of food
more collaboration between leading nations
Which countries will experience negative effects if human population gets too high
every country
Which two countries have the highest human populations in the world
China and India
Why was China’s One Child Policy Introduced
China’s population was too large
Which of the following is a negative result of the one child policy: china’s population got even higher, the ratio of males to females was uneven, China’s population decreased to 0, Everyone revolted and had 10 babies
The ratio of males to females was uneven
What does the graying of Americans refer to
the number of elderly retirees in the future will increase dramatically
What is 0 population growth
there are as many people being born as there are dying
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