Bio Exam

About how much of Earth’s land surface is used for agriculture?

38%

Crop rotation does all of the following except

Let fields lie unused

Cost and time efficient industrial agriculture requires that large areas be planted with

a single crop

Because of the green revolution between 1961 and 2008, food production

increased 150% while the population doubled

A secure food supply depends on all of the following except

increased use of fertilizer

The organic matter in soil includes

living and decomposing organisms

Which soil conservation technique is used in the picture

Shelterbelts

Arid and semiarid lands are prone to desertification because

the principal cannot meet the growing human demand for water

Traditional agriculture may use all of the following except

fossil fuels

Which soil conservation technique is shown in the picture

Contour farming

Industrial food production includes

all of the above

Soil texture is based on

particle size

The soil type with the largest average particle size is

sand

Mineral matter and organic matter make up 50% of soil. What makes up the remaining 50%

Water and air

The base geological material from which soil is formed

parent material

The practice of planting seeds from the plants you like most

selective breeding

What two things “powered” traditional agriculture

people and animal

Along with industrial agriculture came an increased usage of

all of the above: fossil fuels, fertilizers, and pesticides

Term for land that is suited for farming

arable

GMO’s refer to

organisms who have had their DNA modified

Which of the following is accepted on an “organic” farm

natural fertilizers

More than 97% of Earth’s total water supply is found in

oceans

The water table is the upper limit of the

zone of saturation

You must build a model of an aquifer for a science project. What material would be the best to use of a layer that will hold water

A permeable material, such as gravel

One process used to obtain fresh water from salt water is called

desalination

Globally, most freshwater used by humans is for

agricultural irrigation

The All-American Canal, which brings water from the Colorado River to farm fields in California is an example of

water diversion

Which of the following does not contribute to water conservation

watering lawns during peak sunlight hours, when plants need water the most

An oil spill is an example of

point-source pollution

Water that flows over land and has not been absorbed into the ground is called

runoffAll

of the land area that supplies water to a particular river system is called a

watershed

The buildup of salts in the surface layers of soil is called

salinization

Groundwater mining is the process of

withdrawing groundwater faster than it can be replaced

Chlorine is often added during water treatment to

kill disease-causing organisms

Which of the following is not a major source of renewable energy

natural gas

Which two kinds of renewable energy use turbines

wind and hydropower

The use of coal power has ___ in recent years

decreased

Which current crisis can renewable resources alleviate

global warming

What is a hidden cost of fossil fuel energy production

poor air quality

Which of the following includes only biotic factors

population

Which of the following is not included in a typical age structure diagram

the population’s historical growth

Which of the following equations summarizes population growth

(immigration + birth) - (emigration + deaths)

A group of individuals that interbreed and produce fertile offspring is a common definition for

species

Which of the following describes a population that is distributed evenly across an area

uniform

Which of the following terms describes seasonal movement of individuals into and out of a population

migration

The largest population size a given environment can sustainably support is known as its

carrying capacity

A population that increases 5% every year is said to be experiencing

exponential growth

If you were to graph the population growth of the Kaibab deer from 1906 to 1923, what would you see

A J-shaped upward curve showing a very rapid increase

Deer can live 10-25. Which of the following most likely describes an age structure diagram of the Kaibab deer population in 1923?

A triangle with a very wide base and narrow top

Which population of flamingos is more dense

40 flamingos in a 10 square meter area

In which of the following pairs do both organisms belong to the same population

Two bass living in Lake Harmony

A population of some species is most likely to grow exponentially

when the species moves into a new area of suitable habitat

A population will most likely deplete the resources of its environment if the population

grows beyond carrying capacity

What type of distribution is most common in nature

clumped

Using the diagram, what type of population growth do you expect from the county with the age structure diagram on the left

rapid growth

Which of the following is not a mechanism for biological evolution

inheritance of acquired characteristics

A caterpillar eats some grass. A bird eats a caterpillar. A fox eats a bird. Which of the following food chains represents this series of feeding relationships

Grass → caterpillar → bird → fox

Which of the following organisms is often a pioneer species: grasses, lichen, otters, spruces

lichen

Organisms can be considered keystone species only if they

exert strong community-wide effects

Which of the following is an example of artificial selection

throroughbred racehorses have been bred for speed

The yellow perch is a fish that breeds in spring. A single female can produce up to 40,000 eggs at one time. This species is an example of which of the key ideas of natural selection

individuals produce an excess of offspring

In 2002, two populations of Darwin’s finches were studies. After a drought that caused only large seeds to be available to the birds, they found that natural selection favored those birds that had larger beaks and bodies. Once the rains returned and smaller seeds became more abundant, however, natural selection favored those birds that had smaller beaks and bodies. Which of the following processes is the best interpretation of this scenario

microevolution

Which of the following statements is not correct: most speciation is thought to occur via allopatric speciation, speciation cannot occur without geographic isolation, speciation can be caused by either natural selection or random processes, geographic isolation can eventually lead to reproductive isolation

speciation cannot occur without geographic isolation

Which of the following conditions does not define the fundamental niche of a species: humidity, predators, temperature, pH

predators

Some scientists estimate that the current global extinction rate is about 30,000 species per years. If there are currently 10,000,000 species on Earth, how long will it take to destroy all of Earth’s biodiversity

Between 300-500 years

What term do scientists use to describe how reproductively successful an organism is in its environment

fitness

Everything an organism does and when it does it desribes an organism’s

niche

Which of the following is an interaction in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed (+/-): parasitism, mutualism, competition, commensalism

parasitism

Which of the following is an interaction in which both organisms are harmed (-/-): parasitism, predation, competition, commensalism

competition

Which of the following types of organisms perform photosynthesis: primary producer, herbivore, carnivore, detrivore

primary producer

Which of the following organisms is a decomposer: plant, tiger, mushroom, deer

mushroom

What is true about energy transfer in communities

Most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as heat

About how much energy in one trophic level transfers to the trophic level above it

10%

The Industrial Revolution

began in the 1700s, societies shifted from rural life to urban life style

Infant mortality

number of babies out of 1000 that die during their first year of life

life expectancy

average number of years an individual is expected to live

growth rate

how a population changes in size during a specific period of time

demography

the study of human population statistics

total fertility rate

average number of children a female had during her lifetime

replacement fertility

the total fertility rate of a nation that would keep its population size stable

demographic transition

model that explains the change from high births and deaths to low births and deaths

Developments during the Industrial Revolution resulted in ___ infant mortality rate

decreases

Developments during the Industrial Revolution resulted in ___ in life expectancy

increases

During the Industrial Revolution, many people moved from rural areas to ___ areas

urban

When human population reaches carrying capacity, its growth rate will be

zero

Which of these population distributions best describes human populations: uniform, clumped, random, uniform and clumped

clumped

Why are humans populations distributed this way

humans live close to where most resources are found

What was the greatest cause of the exponential increase of human population

the industrial revolution

What is the current human population

7\.7 billion

What will not happen when the Earth reaches carrying capacity: the human population will continue to grow, there will be a limited number of resources available for people, the human population growth rate will be 0, people will continue to have children

human population will continue to grow

Which countries contribute to the most carbon emissions per capita into the atmosphere

the rich countries contribute more

Which countries will be most affected by increased carbon emissions

all of the countries will be affected equally

The industrial revolution improved

sanitation, medical technology and agriculture

Which of the following is not an improvement brought by the industrial revolution: more people washed their hands with soap, the invention of antibiotics and vaccines, more collaboration between leading nations, large machines for fast production of food

more collaboration between leading nations

Which countries will experience negative effects if human population gets too high

every country

Which two countries have the highest human populations in the world

China and India

Why was China’s One Child Policy Introduced

China’s population was too large

Which of the following is a negative result of the one child policy: china’s population got even higher, the ratio of males to females was uneven, China’s population decreased to 0, Everyone revolted and had 10 babies

The ratio of males to females was uneven

What does the graying of Americans refer to

the number of elderly retirees in the future will increase dramatically

What is 0 population growth

there are as many people being born as there are dying