Studied by 0 peopleeffortful processing
active processing of information that needs sustained conscious effort and requires attention
automatic processing
the unconscious processing of well-learned material (basically muscle memory)
deep processing
processing information with consideration to its meaning which leads to better recall
shallow processing
uses surface characteristics to process information
structural shallow processing
encoding information with the use of visual and physical characteristics
phonemic shallow processing
encoding information using auditory characteristics
selective attention
the ability to focus on one particular stimuli while blocking out others
divided attention
the ability to focus on multiple stimuli at the same time
requires more automatic processing than selective attention
metacognition
the ability to be aware and control of your own thoughts and cognitive processes
short-term memory
the type of memory that can only be stored for a brief period of time
the capacity for short-term memory is seven plus/minus two
long-term memory
an unlimited capacity for memory that can store it for sustained periods of time
explicit memory
stored memory of facts that are made in the hippocampus
semantic explicit memories
memory of facts, ideas, and concepts
episodic explicit memories
memories of personal experiences
implicit memories
type of long-term memory that is remembered unconsciously
sensory implicit memories
the ability to retain sensory information even after the stimulus has ended
echoic sensory memories
memory of sound that lasts for about three to four seconds
iconic sensory memories
memory of visual stimuli that lasts for about 1/4th to 1/2th of a second
prospective sensory memories
remembering to perform an action at a certain time
flashbulb memories
a clear memory of an emotionally significant event
elizabeth loftus
associated with research on false memories
encoding
process of sensing, processing, and storing information
visual encoding
process of remembering visual images + forgotten easily
acoustic encoding
processing and encoding of sound + somewhat forgotten easily
semantic encoding
when a word, pictures, or phrase is encoded based on the basis of its meaning rather than its sound/vision
maintenance rehearsal
process of repeatedly thinking about or verbalizing a certain piece of information
elaborative rehearsal
process of using active thinking about the meaning of the term
self-reference effect
when someone applies a situation to themselves, they are more likely to remember what the situation is
storage
the process of maintaining or keeping information readily available
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
model that shows information going from shallow to deep memory
sensory memories
events coming from the environment that can become a part of short-term memory
chunking
process of grouping information to be stored or processed as single concepts
hierarchies
a method used to organize information by starting with broad information and then into specific classes
schemas
a concept of framework that helps an individual to make sense of information
concept
mental grouping of events, people, and similar things p
prototype
a mental image or the best representative of a certain category
anterograde amnesia
the inability to form new memories but remembers past memories
long-term potentiation
strengthening of neural connections which creates a longer-lasting memory
retrieval
process of recalling memories such as feelings, images, and events
recall
process of bringing information from stored memories into conscious awareness
recognition
when someone notices something that they have previously learned
relearning
how much faster someone can learn material has been previously learned and then forgotten
serial-position effect
people tend to remember information in a list that is mentioned first or last
primacy effect
remembering the first thing in a list that was said
recency effect
remembering the last thing in a list that was said
mnemonic devices
tools used to help remember an idea or phrase and can enhance memory and retention
method of loci
a mnemonic device in which a person memorizes information by placing each item in different locations
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
the temporary inability to remember information s
semantic network theory
states that a person’s brain likes to form new memories by connecting its meaning to other memories and their meanings
priming
activation of a memory by association
context-dependent memory
when someone remembers information in the same place that they encoded it
state-dependent memory
what someone learns in one state will be easier to recall when in that same state
mood-congruent memory
when humans store memories about an event, they also store the emotion felt in that memory
constructive memory
memories can be false details of real events or a completely made up event
recovered memory phenomenon
individuals can suddenly remember repressed memories (usually via therapy)
spacing effect
people learn material more easily and effectively when it is studied many times over a long period of time
testing effect
when someone has enhanced memory after retrieving information rather than rereading it
herman ebbinghaus
a psychologist that studied human memory and made the forgetting curve
forgetting curve
people forget 75% of the information that they learn within one day (without relearning/rehearsing)
retroactive interference
when it is hard to recall old information because of new information
proactive interference
when it is hard to recall new information because of old information
retrograde amnesia
when someone is unable to recall recent memories/memories of their general past
source amnesia/misattribution error
an individual’s inability to remember how they learned previously acquired information
deja vu
a person’s false sense that they have experienced a situation before
misinformation effect
a person’s recollection of an event is negatively impacted and becomes less accurate because of information after the event
motivated forgetting
can be conscious or unconscious in order to shy away from unacceptable behaviors or painful memories
hippocampus
responsible for the formation of memory and processes explicit memories for storage
what happens when there is damage to the left side of the hippocampus?
an individual will have trouble remembering verbal information
what happens when there is damage to the right side of the hippocampus?
an individual will have trouble remembering visual information
frontal lobes
processes incoming auditory and visual information + makes sense of new information
thalamus
helps encoding sensory memory into short-term memory
cerebellum
stores implicit memories that are formed by classical conditioning and conditioned reflex
basal ganglia
helps form procedural memories
amygdala
the emotions produced by the amygdala can fuel the brain which can cause memories to last longer
algorithm
step by step method that guarantees to solve a particular problem
heuristic
methods used to quickly solve a problem and are less effective than algorithms
mental set
individuals try to solve a problem the same way all the time because it has worked in the pastfi
fixation
the inability to look at a problem with a different perspective
intuition
sensing something without a direct reason and basically an automatic thought
insight (discovered by Wolfgang Kohler)
when an individual suddenly understands something
inductive reasoning
reasoning from something specific to something general
deductive reasoning
reasoning from something general to something specific
convergent thinking
logical way of thinking; used in IQ and intelligence tests
divergent thinking
creative way of thinking
functional fixedness
the tendency to only think of the familiar functions of an object
availability heuristic
the ability to easily recall immediate examples about something
representativeness heuristic
when someone judges someone based on how much they match their prototype
confirmation bias
tendency of individuals to support or search for information that aligns with their opinions and ignore information that doesn't
belief perseverance
the tendency to hold onto a belief even if it has lost its credibility
belief bias
the tendency for our preexisting beliefs to distort logical thinking
self-serving bias
a person attributes positive outcomes to their own doing and negative outcomes to external factor
attentional bias
when people’s perceptions are influenced by recurring thoughts
actor-observer bias
a person might attribute their own actions to external factors and the actions of others to internal factor
anchoring bias
an individual relies heavily on the first piece of information given when making a decision
hindsight bias
when you think you knew something all along after the outcome has occurred
framing
a cognitive bias in which people decide on an option based on whether or not a positive or negative connotation is given
g factor (charles spearman)
underlines specific mental abilities that can be measured on an intelligence test
factor analysis
a statistical procedure identifying clusters of items that could measure your intelligence
charles spearman
found that if you have a high intelligence in one of the subjects, you have an overall high general intelligence
L.L. Thurstone
thought that intelligence could be broken up into different clusters: world fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numeric ability, inductive reasoning, and memory
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