Studied by 2 people
somatic
what type of motor neurons do skeletal muscles respond to?
smooth muscle
muscle that contracts variably
electrical or chemical signals
how are smooth muscle contractions initiated?
Z disc
sarcomere start/stop at ____
nebulin
inelastic protein that aligns actin filaments
sphincter
example of tonic smooth muscle
myosin
major motor protein of skeletal msucle
skeletal
multinucleate muscle type
arteries
example of phasic smooth muscle
M line
thick filaments (myosin) originate at the ____
smooth
type of muscle in which the sarcoplasmic reticulum is less organized
titin
elastic, allows for returning stretched muscles to normal
intercalated discs
gap junctions in cardiac muscle are found in what feature?
sliding filament theory of contraction
theory states actin and myosin are fixed in length and slide past each other to shorten
pharmamechanical coupling
smooth muscle contraction caused by chemical signaling is called
excitation contraction coupling
the connection between a muscle fiber AP and calcium release is referred to as
myosin light chain phosphorylase
what enzyme decreases myosin activity?
0
the pulse pressure at the capillaries is
electromechanical coupling
smooth muscle contraction caused by electrical signaling is called
single unit smooth muscle
type of smooth muscle that contracts as a single unit
multi-unit smooth muscle
type of smooth muscle in which each cell is stimulated independently
increased calmodulin
what activates myosin light chain kinase?
location, contraction pattern, communication
smooth muscle is classified 3 ways:
myofibrils
part of skeletal muscle that generates the force
mean corpuscular volume
a CBC test will include measurement of the average volume/size of RBC
no sarcomeres
why isnt smooth muscle striated?
smooth
which muscle is the slowest to contract?
increased
what does increased myosin activity mean for contraction
myosin light chain kinase
what enzyme increases myosin activity?
tonic
type of smooth muscle that at its 'rest', is contracted
stretch activated calcium channels
type of calcium channels in smooth muscles that open when pressure or other force distorts cell membrane
cardiac
type of muscle cells linked by gap junctions
M line
3
tropomyosin
protein that wraps around actin, blocks off binding sites so it cannot contract at full force or engage in power stroke
skeletal
which muscle type is the quickest to contract?
hypotension
lower than normal MAP
A band
7
diffusion
in capillary exchange, individual particles (eg. calcium ion) move by
titin
5
myosin head
1
tropomyosin
7
troponin
5
G actin molecule
6
actin
5678
myofibrils
highly organized bundles of contractile and elastic proteins that carry out the work of contraction
troponin
protein that controls the position of tropomyosin
ca
what chemical/molecule binds with troponin to pull away tropomyosin
slower
larger diameter of blood vessels means velocity of blood vessels will be
excretion of fluid from urine
how do kidneys cope with increased blood volume
decrease, decrease
if flow in aorta << flow out of aorta .... what happens to blood volume? what happens to MAP?
mechanoreceptors
baroreceptors are what type of receptors
H zone
6
cardiovascular system, kindeys
what two organs/systems are responsible for compensation because of increased blood volume?
I band
8
the body spends more time in diastole
why is MAP not the average of systolic and diastolic BP?
vesicular transport
in capillary exchange, large solutes and proteins are moved by
increase
vasoconstriction will do what to BP
korotkoff sounds
we take blood pressure via listening to the pulsing of blood through the arteries at different pressure modulated by the blood pressure cuff. The sounds that are listened for are called
radius of BVs, length, and viscosity of blood
3 factors that affect resistance in BVs
local control, sympathetic reflexes, hormones
3 ways that arteriolar resistance changes
amount of volume over a unit of time
flow
arteries
the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system
increases, increase
if flow in aorta >> flow out of aorta .... what happens to blood volume? what happens to MAP?
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
a CBC test includes the measurement of the amount of hemoglobin per RBC
valves, skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump
3 methods of venous return
myosin
3 is made of
vasodilation, decr cardiac output
how does the cardiovascular system cope with increased blood volume
bilirubin
when RBCs are broken down, remnants of heme groups are converted
histamine
name a paracrine signal that are vasodilators
reactive hyperemia
the bodys response when blood flow is not normal for some reason/occlusion
vasoconstriction
what happens when norepinephrine binds to alpha receptors
vasodilation
what happens when epinephrine binds to beta2 receptors
heart, liver, skeletal muscle arterioles
during a sympathetic response, vasodilation occurs in which organs? (these organs have beta2 receptors)
adrenal medulla
epinephrine is released by ____ in when the sympathetic nervous system is activated
erythropoietin
molecule that stimulates/regulates the production of red blood cells
increase
increased cardiac output will do what to BP
decrease
vasoconstriction will do what to blood flow
thrombopoietin
molecule that regulates the production of platelets
basophil
least common type of leukocyte
bone marrow
where are hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells found?
fibrinogen
inactivated form of a protein in blood plasma that is important for clotting
RBCs
single largest solid component of blood
myogenic autoregulation
term for how vascular smooth muscle regulates itself, preventing fast, large changes in blood flow and overstretching
hematopoiesis
term for the production of blood cells
leukopoiesis
process of white blood cell formation
plasma
majority of blood volume is
lipids, amino acids, proteins, glucose
name the important organic molecules in plasma (4)
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
a CBC test includes a measurement of the amount of hemoglobin per volume of one red blood cell
rupture, phagocytized in spleen
how to RBCs die and get broken down?
bile
bilirubin is converted in the liver to be excreted as ____
megakaryocytes
_____ break off into fragments, called platelets
hemostasis
process of initially stopping blood loss
ferritin
the liver stores excess iron as...
AV valves open
what valve(s) must be open when blood volume in ventricles increases
p wave
depolarization of atria on the ECG is seen as the
qrs complex
depolarization of ventricles on the ECG is seen as the
T wave
ventricular repolarization is seen on the ECG as
diastasis
part of wiggers diagram where there is brief no change in pressure
mitral valve closes
C
aortic valve opens
A
Note
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