Protein Synthesis, mutations,

transcription

the process where the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

translation

the process where genetic information coded in mRNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome

codon

sequence of three bases on a strand of mRNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid

anticodon

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

complementary base pairing

In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs with C;

RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C

cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

ribosome

organelles at which proteins are synthesized.

adenine

pairs with uracil in RNA

cytosine

pairs with guanine

nitrogenous bases

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracail

deoxyribose

sugar in DNA

ribose

sugar in RNA

nucleotide

consists of a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogen base

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

DNA

A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.

mRNA

What is C? It takes the information in a gene from the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

ribosome

What is A? The site of protein synthesis. Where a specific amino acid sequence is assembled based on a mRNA code

tRNA

What is A? Brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome to be added to the growing amino acid chain.

the nucleus

the place where transcription takes place

ribosome in the cytoplasm

the place where translation takes place

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

rRNA

ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome

point mutation (substitution)

gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

silent mutation

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.

nonsense mutation

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.

frameshift addition

mutation caused by an addition of a base in the DNA sequence, causing the codons to shift and creating a different amino acid sequence, therefore a different protein

frameshift deletion

mutation caused by a deletion of a base in the DNA sequence, causing the codons to shift and creating a different amino acid sequence, therefore a different protein