APHUG Unit 6

terms marked * are not vocab terms

city

large, densely populated settlement w/ more residents than rural areas

urban

relating to city

agricultural surplus

crop yields more than enough to feed family

socioeconomic stratification

categorizing ppl into groups based on factors like wealth, job, power, race, that control goods & ppl

e.g. gov’t

first urban revolution

agricultural & socioeconomic innovations that led to rise of earliest cities

urban hearth areas

regions where world’s first cities evolved

e.g. Mesopotamia

site

absolute location of a place on Earth

situation

relative location of a place in terms of its surrounding features

capitalism

economic & political system where trade and industry = controlled by private owners for profit

communism

economic & political system where property = publicly owned

streetcar suburbs

settlement outside city w/ streetcar lines; streetcars take residents in & out city easily

second urban revolution

industrial innovations in mining & manufacturing led to increased urban growth

redevelopment

set of activities & gov’t policies intended to revitalize area that has fallen on hard times

metropolis

very large & densely populated city, esp capital of region or country

e.g. Mexico City

urban area

U.S. self-governing place w/ at least 2,500 ppl

urbanized area

U.S. urban area w/ at least 50,000 ppl

urban cluster

U.S. urban area fewer than 50,000 ppl

metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

U.S. region w/ at least one urbanized area as its core

micropolitan statistical area

U.S. region w/ at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 ppl but fewer than 50,000 ppl at its core

suburb

populated area on outskirts of city

urbanization rate

percent of nation’s population living in towns & cities

suburbanization

movement of ppl from urban core areas to suburbs

sprawl

pattern of cities to grow outward in unchecked manner

automobile cities

size & shape are controlled by and often require industrial automobile ownership

e.g. Los Angeles, Denver, Phoenix

decentralize

to move business operations from core city areas into suburbs

edge city

concentration of business, shopping & entertainment developed in suburbs

e.g. Tysons or Tysons Corner, VA

boomburbs/boomburgs

places w/ more than 100,000 residents that’s not core city in a metropolitan - large suburb w/ its own gov’t

e.g. Mesa, AZ

infill development

building of new retail, business or residential spaces on available land plots in already developed areas

exurb

semi-rural district located beyond suburbs, often inhabited by well-off families

world city

world center of trade, finance, info & migration; control centers (nodes) of global economy

e.g. Paris, LA, NY, HK

gated communities

privately governed & highly secure residential areas in city, often has fence or gate outside

urban system

set of interdependent cities or urban places connected by networks

urban system of Washington*

cities btwn major cities linked by highways, ports & communication systems

rank-size rule

population of settlement = inversely proportional to its rank in urban hierarchy

i.e. city #1: x ppl, city #2: x/2 ppl, city #3: x/3 ppl

urban hierarchy

ranking of cities - most powerful & largest cities at top

primate city

city much larger than any other city in country & dominates country’s economic, political & cultural life

e.g. Lagos, Athens, London, Moscow

central place theory

model attempting to understand why cities located where they are

central places

settlements that make certain types of products & services available to consumers

central place theory assumptions*

1. surface of region = flat w/ no physical barriers (e.g. mountains)

2. soil quality uniform everywhere

3. population & purchasing power evenly distributed

4. region has uniform transport networks

5. at any given place, any good can be sold in all directions to certain distance

threshold

# of ppl required to support businesses

range

distance ppl will travel to acquire a good

gravity model

mathematical model attempting to predict how places will interact

equation: p1 x p2 divided by distance squared

• closer 2 places are, more they will influence each other

concentric zone model

model of city’s internal organization developed by E.W. Burgess showing rings of factory production & different residential zones expanding outwards from CBD

Hoyt sector model

model of city’s internal organization developed by Homer Hoyt w/ transportation & communication both determining city’s layout

e.g. Chicago

multiple-nuclei model

model of city’s internal organization developed by Chauncy Harris & Edward Ullman showing residential districts organized around several nodes (nuclei)

galactic city (peripheral) model

model of city’s internal organization where CBD remains central but scattered business & residential areas = linked by ring road or beltway

e.g. Detroit

bid-rent theory*

assumes accessibility & usefulness decreases as distance from CBD increases

Griffin-Ford model

model of internal structure of LatAm city developed by Ernst Griffin & Larry Ford, combines concentric zones & radial sectors

gentrification

displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as area improves

Southeast Asian city model

model of medium size port city in SEA developed by T.G. McGee, shows old colonial port as focal point w/ surrounding alien & Western commercial zones

• large middle-class PUSH out ppl from focal point

sub-Saharan city model

shows cities w/ 3 CBDs to reflect colonial, traditional, marketing influences

sub-Saharan city model’s CBDs*

- colonial: informal market, transitional business center

- traditional: traditional one-story buildings

- marketing: informal, essential to residents

commonality btwn non-North American city models*

all have expanding outer squatter settlements

perceived density

general impression of estimated # of ppl present in a given area

zoning regulations

laws dictating how land can be used

fiscal squeeze

occurs when city revenue cannot keep up w/ increasing demand for city services & costs on decaying infrastructure

built environment

human-made space where ppl live, work & engage in leisure activities on daily basis

smart growth

policies that combat regional sprawl by addressing problems of population density & transportation

focus of smart growth*

environmental protection & compact, walkable neighborhoods near public transportation

compact design

development that grows up rather than out

diverse housing options

policy encouraging building quality housing for ppl of various backgrounds in a range of prices

new urbanism

approach to city planning on fostering European-style cities of dense settlements w/ diverse housing, walkability, & attractive architecture

greenbelt

zone of grassy, forested or agricultural land separating urban areas - promote healthy lifestyles & ecological health

slow-growth cities

cities that change its zoning laws to decrease rate the city spreads horizontally w/ goal of avoiding sprawl’s negative effects

zoning

classification of land according to restrictions on use & development - chief planning tool of local gov’ts

anti-displacement tenant activists

advocates for poor & working-class residents at risk of losing affordable housing bc of new development

de facto segregation

racial segregation not supported by law but still apparent

mortgage

loan taken out to purchase a home

redlining

practice of identifying high-risk neighborhoods on city map & refusing to lend out mortgages to those interested in buying property

1939 Federal Housing Administration map of Chicago*

illustrates redlining

blockbusting

practice where realtors persuade homeowners to sell their homes bc neighborhood is declining from black families moving in

white flight

mass movement of white ppl from city to suburbs

affordability

maximum price a buyer can afford to pay for housing

housing choice voucher program

federal gov’t program to assist very-low-income families, elderly & disabled w/ affordable & satisfactory housing

violent crime

category of crime including murder, rape, robbery, & aggravated assault

social controls

formal/informal institutions that help maintain law & order

e.g. police

hotspots*

micro areas w/ higher incidence of violent crime

e.g. vacant lots

environmental injustice*

certain groups, usually poor or immigrants, carry more environmental risks than wealthy

environmental racism

occurs when areas inhabited by low-income POC are targeted for environmental contamination

environmental justice

movement to fix environmental discrimination

squatter settlements/favelas/shantytowns

areas of degraded, seemingly temporary, inadequate & often illegal housing

land tenure

right to own or hold property - defines ways how rights to that property are managed

inclusionary zoning (IZ)

laws requiring part of new construction to be affordable for low to moderate-income ppl

exclusionary zoning

attempts to keep low to moderate-income ppl out of neighborhood

NIMBYs

tries to prevent construction of affordable housing & other types of development

below market rate housing

costs much less than the going/market rate

urban renewal

large-scale redevelopment of built environment in downtown & older inner-city neighborhoods

fiscal imbalance

occurs when gov’t must spend more than it receives in taxes

fiscal zoning

practice of regulating local land use to preserve & possibly enhance local property tax base

ecological footprint

total amount of natural resources used & their impact on natural environment

urban heat island

mass of warm air that sits over a city, generated by urban building materials & human activities

urban footprint

spatial extent of urban area’s impacts on natural environment

urban risk divide

idea that disasters & disaster risk become urban phenomena as world population becomes increasingly concentrated in large cities

• disasters become more destructive in cities bc so many ppl live in them

brownfields

properties whose use or development may be complicated by potential presence of hazardous substances

brownfield remediation

process of removing or sealing off contaminants so a site can be used again w/o any health concerns

phytoremediation

removal of contaminants w/ plants that react, degrade, or draw up contaminants from soil into shoots & leaves

Farmland Protection Policy Act (FPPA)

U.S. law granting municipalities oversight over federally funded development projects on farmland

scattering developments

subdivisions or developments that do not border on existing settlements but remove agricultural land from production