AP+5.1+Meiosis+and+Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction that does not require the production and fusion of gametes (sex cells).

Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction that requires meiosis for the production and fusion of gametes.

Meiosis

Process by which sexually reproducing organisms produce genetically diverse haploid gametes.

Gamete

Haploid sex cell (e.g., sperm and egg).

Haploid

Cell with half the normal number of chromosomes (23 in humans).

Diploid

Cell with a full set of chromosomes (46 in humans).

Homologous Chromosomes

Two chromosomes that possess the same structure and genes.

Crossing Over

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange genes.

Genetic Diversity

Variation in traits among organisms.

Nondisjunction

A type of mutation that occurs when homologous chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis.

Trisomy

Condition of having three of the same chromosome.

Monosomy

Condition of having only one of a chromosome.

Karyotype

An individual's chromosomes organized in pairs.

Autosomes

Non-sex chromosomes that determine somatic traits.

Sex Chromosomes

Chromosomes that determine an individual's sex.

Interphase

The phase where the cell prepares for division; DNA is replicated.

Prophase

The phase in which chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane dissolves.

Metaphase

The phase where chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate.

Anaphase

The phase where sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase

The phase where nuclei reform and chromosomes return to chromatin.