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What are the Isms for Orchestra
Impressionism and Expressionism
Facts about Impressionism
Began in France as composers looked for alternatives to the 19th century system of major/minor key structure
Whole tone scale: a seven-note scale consisting entirely of whole steps
Parallel Chords (chords moving in parallel motion i.e.. Mirroring up and down motions)
Rhythm: more fluid (not as transparent and easy to grasp)
Forms of works were shorter and less regular in pattern
Who was the leader of impressionism
Claude Debussy (1862-1917)
What is a pentatonic scale
a five note scale
What is a famous impressionism piece by Debussy? What should you listen for?
Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun, Listen for lyrical melodies created with nontraditional scales
what is usually shot with in movie scenes when using Debussy's music for film scores?
Bodies of water
Expressionism
a style of music of the mid-20th century characterized by hyper-expression, abandonment of tonal centers, extreme ranges used in melodic structures, forceful accents and abrupt dynamic changes. Composers began to question usefulness and development possibilities of tonal system
Arnold Schoenberg(1874-1951)
expressionism: early works were met with hostility and derision by critics and the public
Sprechstimme
a type of performance that is in between both singing and speaking (used in Pierrot Lunaire)
Serialism
a style of composition where all 12 pitches were treated equally (in previous music, or tonal music, there was emphasis of on note ie. C major)
Tone row:
a set of 12 notes where none repeat (none of the 12 tones can happen more than once in the row)
Piano
plucking or striking strings by hand or with a mallet from inside the keyboard cover, or by "preparing" the piano by placing objects between the strings to create new timbres
Strings—col legno
striking the strings with the wooden back of the bow; tune strings to pitches other than what is usual; snap strings against fingerboard; scratchy tone by extra pressure on the bow
Wings
play only parts of disassembled instruments, produce more than one tone at a time, clacking noises with the keys
What is an example of Expressionism
Five orchestral Pieces, Op. 16 (movement 4) by Arnold Schoenberg
Neoclassicism
During the first half of the 20th century—some composers wrote in a style similar to the baroque and Classical eras
Intended to be "absolute music" which means a story is not trying to be told
Return to older forms (sonata, rondo and other familiar forms return)
Smaller orchestras
Who is a composer for Neoclassicism
Sergei Prokofiev (1891-1953
Facts about Sergei Prokofiev
Russian composer, works influenced by political issues in Soviet Russia
Early works—considered to be dissonant and experimental, but was invited back home after his reputation as a neoclassicist became known
What did Sergei Prokofiev write
Classical symphony, op. 25, Gavotta, 1917: Imitates the style of Haydn
what is minimalism
Music based upon the repetition of melodic, harmonic, and/or rhythmic motifs with little or no variation
Minimalism is a reaction to the complex and esoteric style of compositions of the first half of the 20th century
who is a composer of minimalism
John Adams
Facts about john adams
Won 2002 Pulitzer Prize for music- on the Transmigration of Souls
(Choral work that honors the victims of the attacks on Sept. 11, 2003)
Music incorporates Americana, pop music, world music
What did John adams write
Short ride in a Fast machine, 1986
Neo-Romanticism
Neo-romanticism—recent trend in orchestral music, a reaction to atonal and electronic music of the late 20th century
Return to tonality and expression in music
Composer of Neo-romanticism
samuel Barber 1910-1981
characteristics of Samuel barber's neo-romanticism music
Neo-romantic-full of lush extended harmonies of late romantic era mixed with the contemporary sounds of the 20th century
Melodic and accessible
Facts about Adagio for Strings (1938)
written by Samuel Barber.One of the most famous and loved pieces of instrumental music in the world
Barber's best-known work, written for string orchestra (no winds, brass or percussion)
Rhythm section in Jazz consists of _____
drums, bass (electric or acoustic), guitar, piano, sometimes auxiliary percussion
Horns section in a jazz combo consists of _________
trumpet, saxophone (other instruments may appear, such as clarinet or flute), vocals
What is the most common combination in a jazz combo
Jazz combo
what are the most common instruments in jazz
trumpet, sax, drums, bass, and piano
How much of jazz music is a jazz combo? and what does that mean
97%Meaning the majority of the music performed is improvised, and in many cases not even written out and sometimes not even rehearsed before recording (see kind of blue)
What is the most important element of jazz music
the feel
what is the standard feel of jazz music
swing
what is swing?
Swing is used to describe the sense of propulsive rhythmic feel or groove created by the musical interaction between the performers
What happened in 1619
first Africans are sold into slavery in America
What happened in 1817
Congo Square in New Orleans is designated as an official site for slave music and dance
What happened in 1895
Scott Joplin published his first two rags (early Jazz)
What happened in 1899
Duke Ellington is born
what was congo square
a place in new Orleans where slaves set up markets, and participated in music and dance. Though by many as being the birthplace of the music and culture of New Orleans, and it is One of New Orleans (And America's) treasured historical sites. It was also a gathering point during the civil rights movement 19954-1968
Where did the word jazz come from
It is derived from the plantation term jas which means sex
what is early jazz referred to?
Dixie Land music
What is Dixie Land music
A term is used to describe the music being performed in New Orleans in the Early 20th century
Who is the most prominent musician of the early jazz era?
trumpet player Louis Armstrong
Fact about the name Dixie
Dixie is a historical name for the southern United States
Facts about Louis Armstrong
Popularized the trumpet, early jazz, and eventually served as cultural and goodwill ambassador to the United States
His career spanned five decades
Armstong was one of the first truly popular African American entertainers to "crossover", whose skin color was secondary to his music in an America that was extremely racially divided
Did Armstrong publicly politicize his race?
very rarely, often to the dismay of fellow African Americans
Is Jazz music considered American classical music?
Yes
Facts about Duke Ellington 1899-1974
One of the most influential musicians (piano), composers, and historical figure in American History
Was a "band leader" of a jazz orchestra, which was based in Harlem
Sought to blur the boundaries between jazz (African American music, "illegitimate") and classical (European music, "legitimate")
What happened to Duke Ellington in 1958
He was presented to Queen Elizabeth II at an arts festival in Yorkshire. Soon after this encounter, Duke outlines what was to become the Queen's Suite
He and his orchestra recorded this material the following year, and he immediately sent it to the Queen
What was the Queen Suites
Six pieces, each of which were inspired by either natural phenomena or human encounters
when did bebop start
mid 1940s
What was bebop
Virtuosic! Bebop vocabulary is typically rapid with many notes. It became very popular by the end of the 1940s
who were the beginning of bebop
Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie
Who was known for cheek puffing
Dizzy Gillespie
Did everyone like the change that bebop brought?
Not everyone liked it, including Armstrong. Some jazz musicians even retired because bebop was just too difficult
Scat singing
improvised jazz singing where the voice is used in imitation of an instrument
what was Louis Armstrong known as?
Satchmo and Pops
Facts about Miles Davis 1926-1991
Widely considered one of the most influential and innovative musicians of the 20th century
Together with his musical groups he was at the forefront of several major developments in jazz music, including bebop, cool jazz, modal jazz, post-bop, and jazz fusion
Was highly influenced by the music of Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie
when did cool jazz happen?
After bebop era
Facts about cool jazz
A minimalist approach was used where sometimes a tune would have several notes, and very few chords (sometimes only two chords)
The album that is the centerpiece of this entire musical aesthetic is Kind of Blue (1959) by the Miles Davis Quintet
Miles Davis Second Quintet
Much freer, less overall formal organization of the music
A prodigy, Tony Williams (drummer) was often referred to as "the prophet" or "wunderkind" by jazz musicians, listeners, and critics
One of the most successful records from this era is Miles Smiles
Electric Miles (1968-1975)
In the 60s and 70s there was a rise of rock, funk and soul music with groups such as sly and the Family Stone, Parliament/Funkadelic, and tower of Power (all of which were influenced by Davis himself)
Music from this era was extremely free in terms of form. Minimal cues, and overall shape were what most of the musicians had to work with
His most influential record during this period was Bitches brew
John Coltrane 1926-1967
Most famous jazz saxophonist of all time
Served in the navy
What is the piece Giant steps
Piece by John coltrane and was one of the most famous pieces in "straight ahead" jazz
Challenging piece that many players use as a showcase for their technical abilities
Coltrane's composing and recording of this work set the standard for jazz technique higher than previously thought capable
What is considered to be coltrane's masterpiece?
Love supreme
Facts about John Coltrane's love supreme
Heralded Coltrane's search for spiritual and musical freedom
Widely recognized as a work of deep spirituality and analyzed with religious subtext
Church of Coltrane
St, John Coltrane African Orthodox church (San Francisco, CA)
A love Supreme
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