anatomy (define)
study of body structure
physiology (define)
study of body function
identify the organ system(s) based on the description below: "involved in transporting or exchanging gases in the body"
respiratory and circulatory
list the 6 structural organizational terms in order from smallest to largest
chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
cell (define)
basic building block of all living things
discuss the negative feedback system
system that resists change from a set point, keeps things homeostatic (normal)
anterior (define)
front
posterior (define)
back
dorsal (define)
towards back (upper side)
ventral (define)
on underside (front)
superficial (define)
towards surface of skin (shallow)
describe the anatomical position
a person standing erect with face directed forward, arms hanging to sides, palms facing forward
vertical plane dividing the body into right and left halves
sagittal
a horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior halves
transverse
what structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
diaphragm
what cavity can you find the urinary bladder and reproductive organs
pelvic cavity
describe a longitudinal cut through a specimen or organ
long axis
what do the following symbols mean: Ca2+
calcium +2 ion charge (2 less electrons)
what type of reaction is showin: sucrose -> glucose + fructose
decomposition
describe a reversible reaction
AB + CD = ABCD a reaction in which the conversation of reactants and products and vice versa occur simultaneously
what is meant when a reaction in in equilibrium
when the reactants and products are equal or remain at a constant level (all is well)
sucrose is an example of what kind of carbohydrate
disaccharide
the building blocks of proteins are
amino acids
monosaccharides are the building blocks for
carbohydrates
steroids are categorized into what group of macromolecules
lipids
in living things what type of protein is most important for regulating the rate of a chemical reaction
enzymes
name 3 things that can alter the activity of an enzyme
temperature, pH, coenzymes
define denature
when the structure of an enzyme is charged due to extreme temp/conditions, resulting in different functions/inactivity
which cells in the body have the most mitochondria
muscle cells
list the 4 main types of tissues in the body
epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
what type of epithelial tissue is found in the urinary bladder
transitional
what type of epithelial tissue is found in the outer layer of skin
stratified squamous
in a neuron, where would you find its nucleus
cell body
identify the nerve cell process that receives the action potential
dendrites
identify the type of epithelial tissue indicated in the diagram
simple cuboidal
discuss keratinization
occurs in epidermis, fills cells with keratin, strengthens skin, helps resist abrasion
list functions of the integumentary system
absorbs uv light, resists abrasion, physical barrier against germs, hair insulates and protects
what skin structure is associated with the arrector pili muscle
hair follicle
define merocrine sweat gland
watery secretions (cools body)
define apocrine sweat gland
secretes a thick, organic system
define sebaceous gland
oil glands
at what point does the long bone grow in length from
epiphyseal plate
discuss the main parts of a long bone
diaphysis (middle part of bone), epiphysis (end of bone), medullary cavity (inside bone), endosteum (inside medullary cavity), red marrow makes rbc, yellow marrow is fat
define osteoblast
bone forming cells
define osteocyte
mature bone cell
what two bones of the skull are the teeth located
maxilla and mandible
the first 7 pairs are called the _____ ribs. they are also called ____ ribs because they attach directly to the sternum
true, sternal
discuss the pectoral girdle
where the arm attaches, contains 2 scapula and 2 clavicle
identify as long, short, flat, or irregular: vertebrae ulna radius
irregular, long, long
define cavity (in relation to bones)
spaces within the bone
how many bones in the adult human body
206
muscle used to wink
orbicularis oculi
muscle used to pucker up to kiss (2)
orbicularis oris, buccinator
muscle used for mastication (2)
temporalis, masseter
muscle - upper limb abductor
deltoid
superficial muscle on the posterior lower leg
gastrocnemius
what kind of connective tissue also attaches muscles to bone
tendons
what do you call a muscle cell
fiber
muscles that work together to cause movement are called
synergist/agonist
a muscle that works in opposition to another muscle is called a
antagonistic pairs
list the functions of the muscular system
movement, posture maintenance, body heat production, constriction of organs and vessels
the part of the neuron that receives the nerve impulse is
cell body/dendrites
list the 4 main regions of the brain
brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon , cerebrum
list the 3 components of the diencephalon
thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
what part of the brain stem regulates heart rate, breathing, and swallowing
medulla oblongata
define longitudinal fissure
splits cerebrum up into left and right hemispheres
how many pairs of cranial nerves
12
how many pairs of spinal nerves
31
define central nervous system
contains brain, spinal cord, and related interneurons
one dendrite and one axon
bipolar neuron
several dendrites and one axon
multipolar neuron