Anatomy S1 exam review

anatomy (define)

study of body structure

physiology (define)

study of body function

identify the organ system(s) based on the description below:
"involved in transporting or exchanging gases in the body"

respiratory and circulatory

list the 6 structural organizational terms in order from smallest to largest

chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

cell (define)

basic building block of all living things

discuss the negative feedback system

system that resists change from a set point, keeps things homeostatic (normal)

anterior (define)

front

posterior (define)

back

dorsal (define)

towards back (upper side)

ventral (define)

on underside (front)

superficial (define)

towards surface of skin (shallow)

describe the anatomical position

a person standing erect with face directed forward, arms hanging to sides, palms facing forward

vertical plane dividing the body into right and left halves

sagittal

a horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior halves

transverse

what structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

diaphragm

what cavity can you find the urinary bladder and reproductive organs

pelvic cavity

describe a longitudinal cut through a specimen or organ

long axis

what do the following symbols mean: Ca2+

calcium +2 ion charge (2 less electrons)

what type of reaction is showin: sucrose -\> glucose + fructose

decomposition

describe a reversible reaction

AB + CD \= ABCD
a reaction in which the conversation of reactants and products and vice versa occur simultaneously

what is meant when a reaction in in equilibrium

when the reactants and products are equal or remain at a constant level (all is well)

sucrose is an example of what kind of carbohydrate

disaccharide

the building blocks of proteins are

amino acids

monosaccharides are the building blocks for

carbohydrates

steroids are categorized into what group of macromolecules

lipids

in living things what type of protein is most important for regulating the rate of a chemical reaction

enzymes

name 3 things that can alter the activity of an enzyme

temperature, pH, coenzymes

define denature

when the structure of an enzyme is charged due to extreme temp/conditions, resulting in different functions/inactivity

which cells in the body have the most mitochondria

muscle cells

list the 4 main types of tissues in the body

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

what type of epithelial tissue is found in the urinary bladder

transitional

what type of epithelial tissue is found in the outer layer of skin

stratified squamous

in a neuron, where would you find its nucleus

cell body

identify the nerve cell process that receives the action potential

dendrites

identify the type of epithelial tissue indicated in the diagram

simple cuboidal

discuss keratinization

occurs in epidermis, fills cells with keratin, strengthens skin, helps resist abrasion

list functions of the integumentary system

absorbs uv light, resists abrasion, physical barrier against germs, hair insulates and protects

what skin structure is associated with the arrector pili muscle

hair follicle

define merocrine sweat gland

watery secretions (cools body)

define apocrine sweat gland

secretes a thick, organic system

define sebaceous gland

oil glands

at what point does the long bone grow in length from

epiphyseal plate

discuss the main parts of a long bone

diaphysis (middle part of bone), epiphysis (end of bone), medullary cavity (inside bone), endosteum (inside medullary cavity), red marrow makes rbc, yellow marrow is fat

define osteoblast

bone forming cells

define osteocyte

mature bone cell

what two bones of the skull are the teeth located

maxilla and mandible

the first 7 pairs are called the \_____ ribs. they are also called \____ ribs because they attach directly to the sternum

true, sternal

discuss the pectoral girdle

where the arm attaches, contains 2 scapula and 2 clavicle

identify as long, short, flat, or irregular:
vertebrae
ulna
radius

irregular, long, long

define cavity (in relation to bones)

spaces within the bone

how many bones in the adult human body

206

muscle used to wink

orbicularis oculi

muscle used to pucker up to kiss (2)

orbicularis oris, buccinator

muscle used for mastication (2)

temporalis, masseter

muscle - upper limb abductor

deltoid

superficial muscle on the posterior lower leg

gastrocnemius

what kind of connective tissue also attaches muscles to bone

tendons

what do you call a muscle cell

fiber

muscles that work together to cause movement are called

synergist/agonist

a muscle that works in opposition to another muscle is called a

antagonistic pairs

list the functions of the muscular system

movement, posture maintenance, body heat production, constriction of organs and vessels

the part of the neuron that receives the nerve impulse is

cell body/dendrites

list the 4 main regions of the brain

brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon , cerebrum

list the 3 components of the diencephalon

thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

what part of the brain stem regulates heart rate, breathing, and swallowing

medulla oblongata

define longitudinal fissure

splits cerebrum up into left and right hemispheres

how many pairs of cranial nerves

12

how many pairs of spinal nerves

31

define central nervous system

contains brain, spinal cord, and related interneurons

one dendrite and one axon

bipolar neuron

several dendrites and one axon

multipolar neuron