UARK Anatomy Lecture Exam 4

What is the composition of blood?

plasma (liquid matrix), buffy coat (platelets and leukocytes), Erythrocytes (RBC)

What percent mass is blood in the body?

7%

Where are the proteins in blood?

plasma

What are plasma donations used for?

making immunoglobins from proteins of the plasma

What does the extracellular fluid contain?

interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal, synovial, serous, etc.

What is interstitial fluid?

fluid between cells, NOT in blood

Where do we get lymph?

from plasma filtrate

Where is most fluid in the body?

intracellular

Chemical composition of plasma

high O2
low CO2
high proteins

Chemical composition of interstitial fluid

low O2
high CO2
low proteins

thrombocytes are cell _____

fragments

What kind of diffusion takes place in aveoli?

simple diffusion

Composition of hemoglobin

- 4 heme units (where O2 and CO2 bind to Hb)

What is the Bohr effect on hemoglobin?

Higher/Lower pHs cause hemoglobin binding affinity to change to O2

Hb in RBCs allow for what?

a higher concentration of CO2 and O2 in blood

Hb increases the ______ of O2 in blood

carrying capacity

Decreased pH = Hb ______ of CO2

release

Increased pH = Hb ______ of O2

uptake

Normal pH (where enzymes function)

7.35-7.45

The renal system _____ pH regulation

slows (retains or releases H+ or HCO3-)

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

chemical system that helps maintain pH homeostasis of the blood

Type A blood

A antigens and anti-B antibodies

Type B blood

B antigens and anti-A antibodies

Type AB blood

A and B antigens, no antibodies

Type O

no antigens, A and B antibodies

Rh+

has the Rh antigen

Rh-

lack Rh antigen

anti-Rh antibodies

only produced when Rh- individuals are exposed to Rh antigens (pregnancy and blood transfusion)

O-

universal donor

AB+

universal recipient

Leukocytes

white blood cells, fight infection

Diapedisis (emigration)

The migration of intact blood cells between endothelial cells of a blood vessel such as a venule.

Chemotaxis

Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus

Agranulocytes

lack cytoplasmic granules

Which side of the heart is oxygen rich?

left

Which side of the heart is oxygen poor?

right

Monocytes

- large cells with kidney shaped nucleuses
- use chemotaxis
- attract fibroblast to encase pathogen in collagen
- produce scar tissue

lymphocytes

- round nucleases; responsible for specific immunity
- primary cells of lymphatic system
- differentiates into T cells, B cells, and NK cells

T cells

enter tissues to directly attack pathogens

B cells

produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies

NK cells

attack abnormal cells; immune surveillance

Granulocytes

have cytoplasmic granules

Neutrophils

- multi lobed nucleus
- vacuoles with lysosomal enzymes and bactericidal compounds
- phagocytotic
- short-lived; will secret chemotaxic chemicals upon death

Eosinophils

- bilobed nucleus
- attack objects marked with antibodies
- involved with allergies and parasites
- secrete compounds that reduce inflammation

Basophils

- very high density of granules

histamines

- dilate blood vessels

Heparin

- prevents blood clots

Platelets (thrombocytes)

- derived from megakaryocytes (fragement forming bit and pieces of membrane-enclosed packets of chemicals)

Hemostasis

- blood clotting

What do platelets do to help clotting process?

release chemicals and enzymes to initiate it

What clumps together to form platelet plug?

fibrin

What contracts a clot?

actin and myosin

Platelets are not

cells

Hemopoises

- blood cell formation
- red marrow
- yellow marrow can be converted to red

Lymphatic stem cells

NK cells, T cells, B cells

Myeloid stem cells

Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophil, Macrophages, Megakaryocyte (platelets), Erythrocytes

Erythropoiesis

- production of red blood cells
- requires B12, amino acids, and Fe

Erythropoietin

- glycoprotein hormone by kidneys and liver in response to low O2 (hypoxia)
- stimulate erythroblast and stem cell division
- speed up Hb formation

Leukopoiesis

- differentiation of myeloid cells into leukocytes

colony stimulating factors (CSF)

- hormones that stimulate leukocyte production

Lymphopoiesis

- differentiation of lymphoid cells into lymphocytes

Lymphoid stem cells are also in

thymus, spleen, lymph nodes

superior vena cava

1

pulmonary semilunar valve

3

right atrium

5

Right AV (tricuspid) valve

7

right ventricle

9

inferior vena cava

11

aorta

14

pulmonary artery

4

pulmonary veins

6

left atrium

8

Left AV Valve (bicuspid)

not numbered

aortic semilunar valve

10

left ventricle

12

septum

13

Large vein

large artery

fibrous pericardium

- fibrous outer layer that attaches to diaphragm

serous pericardium

- inner layer that secrets pericardial fluid

parietal serous pericardium

outer layer of pericardial cavity, fused to fibrous pericardium

visceral serous pericardium

exterior of heart; epicardium

myocardium

1

pericardial cavity

2

dense fibrous layer

3

areolar tissue (parietal)

4

mesothelium

5

artery

6

vein

7

connective tissue

8

mesothelium

9

areolar tissue (visceral)

10

endothelium

11

areolar tissue (endocardium)

12

epicardium

on external surface of heart

myocardium

Thick middle muscle layer of the heart (includes cardiac muscle cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves)

endocardium

- internal surface of the heart (includes endothelial surface which is simple squamous)

Cardiac muscle characteristics

- myogenic
- aerobic respiration
- high amts of myoglobin and mitochondria
- one nucleus per cell
- highly vascularized
- short t-tubules
- intercalated discs: gap junctions and fascia aherens
- branching arragments

desmosomes

lock adjacent cells together (z discs)

gap junctions

allow for transfer of ions and APs (2)