BIO100 - Exam 1

8 properties for life

Order, sensitivity to stimuli, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, regulation/homeostasis, energy processing, evolution 

1. Order

made up of cells; incredibly complex to form structures that are organized and structured to carry out a task

2. sensitivity to stimuli

response to stimuli like light, pressure waves, chemicals, and other forms

3. reproduction

living organisms can produce more living organisms

4. Adaptation

a consequence of evolution of evolution; all living organisms adapted to one environment; if not, they will die

5. Growth and development 

organisms change as they get older according to the genes they inherited from their parents 

6. Regulation/homeostasis

requirement a “stead state” of conditions and go to great lengths to maintain the set-point

7. Energy processing

organisms requirement of energy to run their chemical and cellular process and acquire energy from their environment in a variety of ways 

8. Evolution

given right environmental pressure and variation from mutations, a species to evolve

Systematics

study of organisms with goal of understanding how they are related to each other

Phylogenetic Trees

shows evolutionary relationships, relationships used to be based upon purely physical features 

Taxomony

three domains of life; bacteria, archaea, eukarya. increasingly more specific categories  (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species); a single species is indicated by its genus and species. 

homologus structures

part of multiple organism that share both genetic and morphological features

ex. bones of upper extremity

analogous structures

share only morphological features; species adapting similar environmental pressures, not necessarily because they evolved from common ancestor 

Prokaryote

• all life is composed of cells and all cells have 4 cell key features

• plasma membrane - separates inside of a cell from the outside 

• cytoplasm- the gel-like fluid inside the cell

• genetic material (DNA or RNA) - carries information from generation to generation

• ribosomes - molecules that make proteins

Eukaryotes

• contains a nucleus; roughly translates to “true nucleus”

• evolved by the endosymbiotic theory

  • prokaryote ate another prokaryote, formed mutually - beneficial relationship thereafter

  • invagination of plasma membrane created the nucleus

• went to become the ancestor of animals. fungi, and other related eukaryotes

  • second endosymbiosis event occured with cyanobacteria that led to the ancestor of plants and algae

• may have mitochondria, chloroplasts

• Organelles (“little organ”) - varies from cell to cell

Kingdom Protista

the junk-drawer of eukaryotes that don’t quite fit into kindgoms Plantae, Animalia, Fungi

reclassified as genetic and evolutionary analysis. 

• mostly unicellular and aquatic, some are multicellular like kelp

Anaerobes

organisms that don’t require oxygen to survive

Phototrophs

organisms that use the sun as their main source of energy

Cyanobacteria

evolved by product when they utilized light energy

• used CO2 and water to produce sugars, oxygen and a little water

• oxygen levels spiked quickly

Microbial Mats

• direct fossil evidence of early-earth prokaryotes

• formed by collections of differing prokaryotes and their biofilms

biofilms

• collections of certain prokaryotes can form a “slimy” but tough barrier that binds them together

• a constant problem for hospitals and other health-care facilities

• biofilms make sterilization, sanitation, and general cleaning much harder 

Phaocytosis

• “the process of eating”

• phagocytic cells may engulf other cells to destroy them or eat them for food

• can use both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

• Malaria is a disease ultimately caused by a genus of protists: Plasmodia

  • Plasmodia falciparum accounts for most cases

  • causes red blood cells to burst, impairing our blood’s ability to deliver oxygen

Saprobes

• Saprobes/Saprophytes break down dead organisms or the waste created by organisms

• critical part of nutrient cycle

Kingdom Fungi

originally considered were closely to plants, but more to animals

• no chloroplasts or ability to perform photosysnthesis

• while diverse, many species are saphrophytes/robes

  • mushrooms like Fly Agaric (amanita muscaria)

  • all mushrooms are fungi

• some multicellular, unicellular

• unicellular fungi are called yeasts

  • yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast or hover yeast)

4 general adaptation for land plants

alternations of generations, sporangia, gametangia, apical meristems

Alternation of Generations

Diploid, haploid, gemetes, mitosis, meiosis

Diploid

two sets of genetic material

Haploid

one set of genetic material

Gametes

the sex cells; haploid cells that fuse to form diploid cell

Mitosis

process of cell dividing to produce two identical daughter calls

Meiosis

process of a diploid cell dividing to produce four haploid cells

Sporangia

reproductive organ that contain spores

• spores=single cells that divide and multiply by mitosis to produce the multicellular gametophyte

• to be hardy and resistant to environment and biological hardships

Gametangia

reporductive structure that produces gametes 

• sex cells - sperm (smaller cell), egg (larger cell)

Apical Meristems

a cap of plant “stem cells” that grows upwards in the stem and downward in the roots

• in search of nutrients and resources

Non-vascular Plants

doesn’t contain vasculature- an internal tube system to carry nutrients and materials

ex. small, liverworts, harworts and mosses

Vascular Plants

does contain vasculature- enables larger, taller and more complicated plant structures

ex. club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and whisk ferns, increased height, size and complexity

the four groups of gymnosperms

conifers, cycad , ginkgophytes, gnetophytes 

angiosperms

characterized by 2 innovations in vascular seed plants; flower and fruit

flowers

flower contains both female and male organs

carpel

female organ that contains the egg cells (megasporangia)

stamen

mel organ that contains the sperm cells (microsporangia)

Fruit

• result of fertilization and enlargement of plants ovary

• cross-pollination or self-pollination, fertilization=fruit

• can be dry fruit like rice, wheat, and nuts or wet fruit like berries, apples, tomatoes

double-fertilization 

• unique to angiosperms, one sperm fertilizes the egg leading to the embryo and next generation

• another sperm fertilizes surrounding embryo sac, eventually forming the endosperm

• the endosperm serves as a food storehouse for the developing embryo

Conifers

• dominant phylum and most diverse phylum of gymnosperms

• thin, waxy leaves helps prevent water loss

• main sense of wood

• single organism carries both male and female megaspores

• pollination doesn’t equal fertilization

  • there can be 2 years in between

Cycads

• type of gymnosperms

• not that common and diverse now, but were dominant during the age of dinosaurs

Gingkophytes

• type of gymnosperms

• single surviving species, Gingko biloba, thanks to cultivation by Buddhist monks

• has separate male and female plants, with the male plants preferred because of their scent

Gnetophytes

• type of gymnosperm

• closest living relative to anigosperm

• welsitschid may live up to 2000 yeras in the deserts of Namibia and Angola

• Ephedra uiridis is native to southwestern North America and is used to derive ephedrine

Basal Angiosperms

• diverged from angiosperms before evolution of monocots and eudicots

• includes many fragrant species like magnolia, cinnamon, black pepper, water lilies

Monocots

• includes rice, lillies, bananas, and pineapple

• defined largely by a single cotyledon in the seed

Eudicots

• comprises two thirds of all flowering plants

• plants contain both traits from monocots and eudicots which makes classification tricky

bees and hummingbirds are critical for angiosperms…

because they rely on animals for pollination; unique adaptations of angiosperms are often to attract there pollinators

features of the animal kingdom

multicellular eukaryote, can move, reproduce sexually, determined body plan, major physical features are genetically hard wired, heterotrophic

cells

smallest unit of life

tissues

a collection of specialized cells that perform some general function

4 main tissue types

muscle, connective, nervous, epithelial

muscle tissue 

made up of cells that contract (shorten) and relax (lengthen) to produce movement

connective tissue

made up of cells that connect, support, and separate parts of the body

nervous tissue

made up of cells that receive stimuli, process information, and send information

epithelial tissue

made up of cells that form thin sheets that line the outside and inside of the body and body cavities

how are animals classified

• body symmetry

  • asymmetry

  • radial symmetry

  • bilateral symmetry

• layers of tissues - diploblast, trophoblast

• presence or absence of Coelom in Trophoblasts

Coelom

• a body cavity that surrounds the digestive cavity; in between the body wall and digestive cavity

  • acoelomate - no coelom

  • eucoelomate - has a true coelom

  • pseudocoelomate - has a “fake” coelom