Overview of Pediatric Nursing/Growth & Development

Growth

increase in physical size

height, weight, head circumference,

Development

progression toward maturity in mental, physical, and social markers of normal development

milestones

Growth in children

continuous process of growth and development

children experience growth spurts followed by plateaus

not all parts mature at the same time

growth is ___

measurable

maturation

the total way in which a person grows and develops as dictated by inheritance

cognitive development

ability to learn or understand from experience

• to require or retain knowledge

• to respond to new situations

• to solve problems

• measured by intelligence tests and by observing the child’s ability to function in different enviroments

stages of growth and development

fetus - 9th gestational week to birth

neonate - birth to 4 weeks

infant - 4 weeks to 1 year

toddler - 1 - 3 years

preschool - 3-6 years

school-age - 6-12 years

adolescent - 12-18 years

infants are _____ for the first several weeks

nose breathers

infants have smaller….

airways

Denver II test

looks for advancement or delays in fine motor, gross motor, personal and social interaction

factors that are closely related to growth and development

genetics & hereditary

nationality and race

ordinal position within the family (1st, 2nd child, etc)

gender

environment

health status

nutrition

family function

socioeconomic status

cultural influences and values

personality and temperament

freud’s psychoanalytic theory

all human behavior is energized by psychodynamic forces

Id: The unconscious mind → “Pleasure and gratification

Ego: Conscious mind → “The reality principle”

Superego: Conscious/moral arbitrator “The ideal”

how to implement freuds theory

acknowledge that all behaviors are meaningful

infants (freud’s theory)

oral stage: gratified and pleasure by mouth

feed promptly and provide oral objects

preschooler (freuds theory)

anal stage: gratified by controlling body excretions

• provide potty chair

preschooler (freuds theory)

phallic stage : concern about sexuality and initially identify with the parent of the opposite gender

teach curiosity about gender differences and masturbation is normal

school age & adolescence (Freuds theory)

latent/genital stage: encourage to have contact with friends

answer questions honestly

privacy when changing or showering

eriksons theory of development

demonstrate various tasks that must be mastered at each age to achieve optimum maturity

eriksons stages and meanings

trust vs mistrust (birth to 1 year) - trust caregivers to meet their needs

autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3 years) - develops independence

initiative vs guilt (3-6 years)- takes initiative in some activities

industry vs inferiority (6-12 years) - develops self-confidence

identity vs role confusion (12 - 18 years) - develop identity roles

how to implement eriksons theory

• teach parents to meet infants basic needs in a timely and appropriate manner

• allow opportunities for toddler to be independent

• encourage children to interact with peers

Jean Piagets theory

children are born with inherited potential, but that potential must be developed

piagets stages

sensorimotor (birth - 2) - reflexes

preoperational (2-7) - ego

Concrete operations (7-11) - cause and effect

formal operations (11-15) scientific process

how to implement piagets theory

use simple language when talking to young children, help them understand directions

be patient with family members

kohlberg’s theory

based upon piagets

moral ability

suggests that moral development in children is sequential

kohlberg’s stages

preconventional (4-7) - obedient due to fear of punishment

conventional (7-11) - show conformity and loyalty, obey rules

post conventional (12 and older) - moral values are developed to solve complex problems

how to implement kohlberg’s theory

explain to parents how moral development works

provide examples of appropriate disciplinary practices

play in children

universal language of children is play

the “work” of children

why should an asthmatic child not be given a stuffed animal to play with

the dust

explore/immitation

infants → type of play that explores the world around them

visual touch, imitate sounds, gestures, behaviors

parallel/associative play

toddlers → play next to eachother, little interaction

cooperative/creative play

preschoolers → play with each other, take specific roles in play

begin to use imagination (ex. using box as a train)

competitive play

school-age → begin to accept competition in physical activity

peer relationships/cliques play

adolescents → interactive social activities in “cliques”

may show interest in part time job (babysitting, tutoring)

daydreaming is common