AP Stats Chapter 4 Vocab

Descriptive Data

Descriptive Data

gender gap, economic status, gpa, backgrounds, age etc..

Inferential Data

weather, sports

Population

all together

Census

gathering EVERYONE in the population

Parameter

(everyone in the COUNTRY) everyone everyone*

Sample population

smaller survey population-→ from these we can find the parameter easier

Quantitative

#’s you can do meaningful with… height, age, distance, gpa, body temp

Catagorical

gender, religion, area code, zip

Discrete Quantitaive Data

Anything that you can count

Continuous

anything that you can measure with the use of a tool

Undercoverage

missed by the method, (people who don’t check their mail, or it gets lost)

Non-Response

choosing not to respond to a survey- voluntarily

Variation

expected, differs everyday, the data will be changed

Observational Experiment

this study has no effect on the outcome

Experimental Experiment

adding treatment to the experiment, seeing if there is RELATIONSHIP

BIAS

what DIRECTION**

Specific Random Selection (SRS)

names in a hat; random number generator, -→ until the desired number is picked as the survey population

Specific Random Assighment

flip a coin 50%, use a dice for even and odd-→ anything to randomly assign the group of people divided into an experiment

Specific Measurable Results

COMPARE THE RESULTS OR OVERALL SCORE AVERAGE

Systematic

A survey method that lists out the survey population and then starts from a random number/name on the list and moves every nth of the way down until desired number of people are picked

Cluster

1. group the population by some means 2. pick all from some of the groups ex: there are 5 rows you choose all of the first 3 rows as your survey population

Stratified

1. group the population by some means 2. pick some from all of the groups ex: there are 5 rows and you pick 2 from each (fe) until you get your desired amount of participants

Generalization

applying a conclusion to the study that is over reaching the population -→ ex: all of Florida when only talking about Pinellas County

Loaded Questions

using very persuasive techniques to get a difficult answer form the person responding-→ do you still like dogs?

Voluntary Response Bias

most of the time a call in poll, or an optional survey where the STRONGEST OPINIONS ARE EMPHASIZED

Interview Bias

Where the person asking the survey could in some way change the outcome of the survey

Confounding

multiple factors and your not sure of the TRUE FACTOR causing the real results→ weight pills, tom brady

Sampling Error

When there is a lot of variation as well as undercoverage and voluntary response (the big red flags of an experiment)

Non-Sampling Error

lying, biased methods, human calculation errors, non-responsive

Blinding

just blinding one person in the experiment so there is a less likely chance of bias-- test giver or tested doesn’t know which treatment they are doing

Double Blinding

When the tester and people tested are both unaware of which treatment is given or taken

Placebo (effect)

the baseline treatment that is the control variable, placebo effect is when there are more positive results with the placebo treatment

Explanatory Variable

What is causing the reaction?

Response Variable

What may happen?

Treatment

What is being done? (verb)

Unit

to what population

Factor

What are we giving or doing? (most likely the treatment)

Level

What are the measurements (all #’s)

Blocking

making obvious groups to break down our study--→ gender blocking (VERY BIG)

Matched Pairs

where people in the experiment are matched with one another based on a key characteristic, and then are compared against other people at the end of the experiment to see a difference.