[APUSH 1] French & Indian War Vocabulary

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23 Terms

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John Locke

Democratic philosopher who believed in people’s rights and self government (Social Contract)

  • Life, liberty, & the right to property

  • Only person in world who thinks like this at the time

  • Colonies follow his lead = “American Exceptionalism”

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Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher who said men aren’t born with rights and are naturally evil and needed to be controlled by a king

  • Every country/kingdom in world followed this philosopher’s ideals; Locke and the US colonies become the exception in following this philosophy

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Princeton/Rutgers

Minister universities that emerge because of the Great Awakening

  • Universities were formed to educate people about religion

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Iroquois League

Confederation of 5 (later 6 in 1722) upstate NY Indian tribes who fought against the French & their Indian allies (Huron & Algonquians)

  • Originally Consisted Of: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and the Seneca tribes

    • Tuscatora tribe joined in 1722

  • Formed as a response to persistent conflicts and violence among the tribes and neighboring groups

  • Allied together for mutual protection against war

  • Became one of the longest-lasting alliances in North American history, and wielded considerable influence among the region

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King William’s War, Queen Anne’s War, King George’s War
(1689-1748)

3 European wars that spill into the colonies between Britain, France, and Spain

  • These wars started in Europe and spilled into the colonies due to the British and French’s colonial competition and territorial disputes

  • These were wars that led up to the French & Indian War

  • James Oglethorpe and Georgia militia stop attacks from Spanish Florida (buffer colony)

  • King George’s War (1745): New England militia capture Louisbourg in Canada (fortress), but is given back to France in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, making colonists furious

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Albany Plan of Union (1754)

Rejected plan to create a mutual defense between colonies

  • The colonies still felt like sovereign/independent nations

  • It would take 20 more years for the US to come together as one cohesive unit during the American Revolution

  • Benjamin Franklin tries to spearhead this by making the famed political cartoon of a snake titled, “Join or Die”

    • Only 7 colonies show up

  • Tried to create intercolonial government & system for recruiting troops & collecting taxes for common defense

  • The colonies are too jealous of their own taxation powers to accept this plan

  • Plan was significant because it set up more revolutionary congresses in the 1770s

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Land Speculators

People that buy western land who start to encroach on Indian territory (helps start French & Indian War)

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Fort Duquesne

French fort where George Washington and Edward Braddock are defeated

  • Becomes Fort Pitt and then Pittsburg

  • French provoke war by building a chain of forts along the Ohio River Valley to stop colonial settlers from moving in. The British sent forces in to stop the French from building forts

  • George Washington’s first real taste of military experience

  • George Washington initially has victory with a small Virginia militia, but was later defeated, thus STARTING THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR!

  • 1755: Braddock shows up here again, and is defeated

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French & Indian War/Seven Years’ War (1754-1763)

1st real world war fought between Britain and France and their possessions

  • 1st war to be fought on multiple continents

  • NOT considered a “World War”

    • Less violent & deadly, and involved less technology compared to WWI and WWII

    • Started in the colonies but eventually spilled into Europe and other possessions

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Balance of Power

Idea that no one European country would be allowed by others to get too powerful

  • This is why countries would jump on each other’s side to prevent one becoming all powerful

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Edward Braddock

British general in charge of all forces in North America

  • Very needy; had his soldiers take a huge bed to the colonies, take it apart, and move it each night

  • Incapable of fighting guerilla warfare since he was an “old-school” general, and was unfamiliar with the guerilla warfare tactics used by the natives

    • Helped cause his death

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George Washington

Young colonial general fighting for the British during the French & Indian War

  • Rich & grew up as one of the planter elites from Virginia

  • Well respected even through some of his losses in battle

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Guerilla Warfare

Sneak attack warfare perfected by the Indians

  • Used widely during the French & Indian War

  • Hard to fight European-style in the forests/frontier

  • Same tactics used by colonists against the British in the American Revolution

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William Pitt (the Elder)

British politician (main political leader during the war) who goes broke to win the French & Indian War (1756-1761)

  • Better for British to go broke than lose all their possessions (they went broke)

  • British New Strategy = Take Canada

  • British take Louisburg in 1758, Quebec in 1759, and Montreal in 1760

  • Colonists are taxed to assist in debt, helping to bring about the American Revolution

  • Also the Prime Minister of UK
    (July 1766 - October 1768)

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James Wolfe

British general in charge at Quebec who dies in the battle

  • Leads a siege in Quebec in an uphill, outnumbered battle

  • Death becomes a rallying cry, and the British win the battle

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Battle of Montreal (1760)

Last battle of the French & Indian War

  • Quebec is still French speaking today

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Treaty of Paris (1763)

Treaty that ends the French & Indian War

  1. France gives up claims to all North American possessions

  2. All land west of Mississippi River & New Orleans goes to Spain

  3. All land east of Mississippi River & Canada goes to England

  • France needed to win so badly since they promised Spain that if they lost, they would make sure Spain would get something in return

  • France’s defeat in the French & Indian War marked the end of France’s colonial ambitions in North America, and marked the beginning of British dominance in North America

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Pontiac’s Rebellion

Indian king who led a rebellion against colonists who went to the frontier

  • This rebellion was one of many in a series of Indian leaders who fought on the losing side against the British & the colonists

  • Occurs in modern-day Detroit

  • Causes King George III to issue the Proclamation Line of 1763

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Proclamation Line of 1763

King set line at the Appalachian Mountains to prevent and protect colonists from the frontier & Indians

  • Largely ignored, and encroachment on Native American land continued

  • Colonists also already settled on other side of the line prior to this

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King George III

English tyrant King during the French & Indian War and the American Revolution

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George Grenville (Chancellor of the Exchequer)

Finance treasurer of England who taxed colonists to help pay for the French & Indian War (began the process)

  • Chancellor of the Exchequer = “Minister of Finance”

    • Essentially Secretary of Treasurer

    • Responsible for all economic & financial matters

  • 1 part of the 4 Great Offices of the State of UK

    • Prime Minister, Chancellor of Exchequer, Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary

  • Simultaneously the Prime Minister & Chancellor of Exchequer from April 16, 1783 to July 13, 1765

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Deficit

Amount you are short in revenue per year

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Debt

Obligation to pay amount of deficits added up over time

  • Think of this as an accumulation of the deficits you build up over time