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John Locke
Democratic philosopher who believed in people’s rights and self government (Social Contract)
Life, liberty, & the right to property
Only person in world who thinks like this at the time
Colonies follow his lead = “American Exceptionalism”
Thomas Hobbes
English philosopher who said men aren’t born with rights and are naturally evil and needed to be controlled by a king
Every country/kingdom in world followed this philosopher’s ideals; Locke and the US colonies become the exception in following this philosophy
Princeton/Rutgers
Minister universities that emerge because of the Great Awakening
Universities were formed to educate people about religion
Iroquois League
Confederation of 5 (later 6 in 1722) upstate NY Indian tribes who fought against the French & their Indian allies (Huron & Algonquians)
Originally Consisted Of: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and the Seneca tribes
Tuscatora tribe joined in 1722
Formed as a response to persistent conflicts and violence among the tribes and neighboring groups
Allied together for mutual protection against war
Became one of the longest-lasting alliances in North American history, and wielded considerable influence among the region
King William’s War, Queen Anne’s War, King George’s War
(1689-1748)
3 European wars that spill into the colonies between Britain, France, and Spain
These wars started in Europe and spilled into the colonies due to the British and French’s colonial competition and territorial disputes
These were wars that led up to the French & Indian War
James Oglethorpe and Georgia militia stop attacks from Spanish Florida (buffer colony)
King George’s War (1745): New England militia capture Louisbourg in Canada (fortress), but is given back to France in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, making colonists furious
Albany Plan of Union (1754)
Rejected plan to create a mutual defense between colonies
The colonies still felt like sovereign/independent nations
It would take 20 more years for the US to come together as one cohesive unit during the American Revolution
Benjamin Franklin tries to spearhead this by making the famed political cartoon of a snake titled, “Join or Die”
Only 7 colonies show up
Tried to create intercolonial government & system for recruiting troops & collecting taxes for common defense
The colonies are too jealous of their own taxation powers to accept this plan
Plan was significant because it set up more revolutionary congresses in the 1770s
Land Speculators
People that buy western land who start to encroach on Indian territory (helps start French & Indian War)
Fort Duquesne
French fort where George Washington and Edward Braddock are defeated
Becomes Fort Pitt and then Pittsburg
French provoke war by building a chain of forts along the Ohio River Valley to stop colonial settlers from moving in. The British sent forces in to stop the French from building forts
George Washington’s first real taste of military experience
George Washington initially has victory with a small Virginia militia, but was later defeated, thus STARTING THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR!
1755: Braddock shows up here again, and is defeated
French & Indian War/Seven Years’ War (1754-1763)
1st real world war fought between Britain and France and their possessions
1st war to be fought on multiple continents
NOT considered a “World War”
Less violent & deadly, and involved less technology compared to WWI and WWII
Started in the colonies but eventually spilled into Europe and other possessions
Balance of Power
Idea that no one European country would be allowed by others to get too powerful
This is why countries would jump on each other’s side to prevent one becoming all powerful
Edward Braddock
British general in charge of all forces in North America
Very needy; had his soldiers take a huge bed to the colonies, take it apart, and move it each night
Incapable of fighting guerilla warfare since he was an “old-school” general, and was unfamiliar with the guerilla warfare tactics used by the natives
Helped cause his death
George Washington
Young colonial general fighting for the British during the French & Indian War
Rich & grew up as one of the planter elites from Virginia
Well respected even through some of his losses in battle
Guerilla Warfare
Sneak attack warfare perfected by the Indians
Used widely during the French & Indian War
Hard to fight European-style in the forests/frontier
Same tactics used by colonists against the British in the American Revolution
William Pitt (the Elder)
British politician (main political leader during the war) who goes broke to win the French & Indian War (1756-1761)
Better for British to go broke than lose all their possessions (they went broke)
British New Strategy = Take Canada
British take Louisburg in 1758, Quebec in 1759, and Montreal in 1760
Colonists are taxed to assist in debt, helping to bring about the American Revolution
Also the Prime Minister of UK
(July 1766 - October 1768)
James Wolfe
British general in charge at Quebec who dies in the battle
Leads a siege in Quebec in an uphill, outnumbered battle
Death becomes a rallying cry, and the British win the battle
Battle of Montreal (1760)
Last battle of the French & Indian War
Quebec is still French speaking today
Treaty of Paris (1763)
Treaty that ends the French & Indian War
France gives up claims to all North American possessions
All land west of Mississippi River & New Orleans goes to Spain
All land east of Mississippi River & Canada goes to England
France needed to win so badly since they promised Spain that if they lost, they would make sure Spain would get something in return
France’s defeat in the French & Indian War marked the end of France’s colonial ambitions in North America, and marked the beginning of British dominance in North America
Pontiac’s Rebellion
Indian king who led a rebellion against colonists who went to the frontier
This rebellion was one of many in a series of Indian leaders who fought on the losing side against the British & the colonists
Occurs in modern-day Detroit
Causes King George III to issue the Proclamation Line of 1763
Proclamation Line of 1763
King set line at the Appalachian Mountains to prevent and protect colonists from the frontier & Indians
Largely ignored, and encroachment on Native American land continued
Colonists also already settled on other side of the line prior to this
King George III
English tyrant King during the French & Indian War and the American Revolution
George Grenville (Chancellor of the Exchequer)
Finance treasurer of England who taxed colonists to help pay for the French & Indian War (began the process)
Chancellor of the Exchequer = “Minister of Finance”
Essentially Secretary of Treasurer
Responsible for all economic & financial matters
1 part of the 4 Great Offices of the State of UK
Prime Minister, Chancellor of Exchequer, Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary
Simultaneously the Prime Minister & Chancellor of Exchequer from April 16, 1783 to July 13, 1765
Deficit
Amount you are short in revenue per year
Debt
Obligation to pay amount of deficits added up over time
Think of this as an accumulation of the deficits you build up over time