[APUSH 1] French & Indian War Vocabulary

John Locke

Democratic philosopher who believed in people’s rights and self government (Social Contract)

• Life, liberty, & the right to property

• Only person in world who thinks like this at the time

• Colonies follow his lead = “American Exceptionalism”

Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher who said men aren’t born with rights and are naturally evil and needed to be controlled by a king

• Every country/kingdom in world followed this philosopher’s ideals; Locke and the US colonies become the exception in following this philosophy

Princeton/Rutgers

Minister universities that emerge because of the Great Awakening

• Universities were formed to educate people about religion

Iroquois League

Confederation of 5 (later 6 in 1722) upstate NY Indian tribes who fought against the French & their Indian allies (Huron & Algonquians)

• Originally Consisted Of: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and the Seneca tribes

  • Tuscatora tribe joined in 1722

• Formed as a response to persistent conflicts and violence among the tribes and neighboring groups

• Allied together for mutual protection against war

• Became one of the longest-lasting alliances in North American history, and wielded considerable influence among the region

King William’s War, Queen Anne’s War, King George’s War
(1689-1748)

3 European wars that spill into the colonies between Britain, France, and Spain

• These wars started in Europe and spilled into the colonies due to the British and French’s colonial competition and territorial disputes

• These were wars that led up to the French & Indian War

• James Oglethorpe and Georgia militia stop attacks from Spanish Florida (buffer colony)

• King George’s War (1745): New England militia capture Louisbourg in Canada (fortress), but is given back to France in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, making colonists furious

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

Rejected plan to create a mutual defense between colonies

• The colonies still felt like sovereign/independent nations

• It would take 20 more years for the US to come together as one cohesive unit during the American Revolution

• Benjamin Franklin tries to spearhead this by making the famed political cartoon of a snake titled, “Join or Die”

  • Only 7 colonies show up

• Tried to create intercolonial government & system for recruiting troops & collecting taxes for common defense

• The colonies are too jealous of their own taxation powers to accept this plan

• Plan was significant because it set up more revolutionary congresses in the 1770s

Land Speculators

People that buy western land who start to encroach on Indian territory (helps start French & Indian War)

Fort Duquesne

French fort where George Washington and Edward Braddock are defeated

• Becomes Fort Pitt and then Pittsburg

• French provoke war by building a chain of forts along the Ohio River Valley to stop colonial settlers from moving in. The British sent forces in to stop the French from building forts

• George Washington’s first real taste of military experience

• George Washington initially has victory with a small Virginia militia, but was later defeated, thus STARTING THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR!

• 1755: Braddock shows up here again, and is defeated

French & Indian War/Seven Years’ War (1754-1763)

1st real world war fought between Britain and France and their possessions

• 1st war to be fought on multiple continents

• NOT considered a “World War”

  • Less violent & deadly, and involved less technology compared to WWI and WWII

  • Started in the colonies but eventually spilled into Europe and other possessions

Balance of Power

Idea that no one European country would be allowed by others to get too powerful

• This is why countries would jump on each other’s side to prevent one becoming all powerful

Edward Braddock

British general in charge of all forces in North America

• Very needy; had his soldiers take a huge bed to the colonies, take it apart, and move it each night

• Incapable of fighting guerilla warfare since he was an “old-school” general, and was unfamiliar with the guerilla warfare tactics used by the natives

  • Helped cause his death

George Washington

Young colonial general fighting for the British during the French & Indian War

• Rich & grew up as one of the planter elites from Virginia

• Well respected even through some of his losses in battle

Guerilla Warfare

Sneak attack warfare perfected by the Indians

• Used widely during the French & Indian War

• Hard to fight European-style in the forests/frontier

• Same tactics used by colonists against the British in the American Revolution

William Pitt (the Elder)

British politician (main political leader during the war) who goes broke to win the French & Indian War (1756-1761)

• Better for British to go broke than lose all their possessions (they went broke)

• British New Strategy = Take Canada

• British take Louisburg in 1758, Quebec in 1759, and Montreal in 1760

• Colonists are taxed to assist in debt, helping to bring about the American Revolution

• Also the Prime Minister of UK
  (July 1766 - October 1768)

James Wolfe

British general in charge at Quebec who dies in the battle

• Leads a siege in Quebec in an uphill, outnumbered battle

• Death becomes a rallying cry, and the British win the battle

Battle of Montreal (1760)

Last battle of the French & Indian War

• Quebec is still French speaking today

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Treaty that ends the French & Indian War

1. France gives up claims to all North American possessions

2. All land west of Mississippi River & New Orleans goes to Spain

3. All land east of Mississippi River & Canada goes to England

• France needed to win so badly since they promised Spain that if they lost, they would make sure Spain would get something in return

• France’s defeat in the French & Indian War marked the end of France’s colonial ambitions in North America, and marked the beginning of British dominance in North America

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Indian king who led a rebellion against colonists who went to the frontier

• This rebellion was one of many in a series of Indian leaders who fought on the losing side against the British & the colonists

• Occurs in modern-day Detroit

• Causes King George III to issue the Proclamation Line of 1763

Proclamation Line of 1763

King set line at the Appalachian Mountains to prevent and protect colonists from the frontier & Indians

• Largely ignored, and encroachment on Native American land continued

• Colonists also already settled on other side of the line prior to this

King George III

English tyrant King during the French & Indian War and the American Revolution

George Grenville (Chancellor of the Exchequer)

Finance treasurer of England who taxed colonists to help pay for the French & Indian War (began the process)

• Chancellor of the Exchequer = “Minister of Finance”

  • Essentially Secretary of Treasurer

  • Responsible for all economic & financial matters

• 1 part of the 4 Great Offices of the State of UK

  • Prime Minister, Chancellor of Exchequer, Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary

• Simultaneously the Prime Minister & Chancellor of Exchequer from April 16, 1783 to July 13, 1765

Deficit

Amount you are short in revenue per year

Debt

Obligation to pay amount of deficits added up over time

• Think of this as an accumulation of the deficits you build up over time