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length polymorphisms
Variations in the length of the DNA molecule between known genes.
variable number tandem repeats (VNTR)
The number of tandem repeats at specific places (loci) in DNA that varies among individuals.
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique that quickly produces many copies of DNA fragment.
primers
Artificially made pieces of single-stranded DNA that are 20 to 30 nucleotides long that must be present for DNA polymerase to initiate replication.
restriction enzymes
Enzymes that cut DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides.
gel electrophoresis
The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.
DNA fingerprint
An individual's unique collection of DNA restriction fragments, detected by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes.
genetic engineering
The process of altering the genetic material of cells or organisms to allow them to make new substances.
recombinant DNA
Results when DNA from two different organisms is joined.
clone
An exact copy of a DNA segment, a whole cell, or a complete organism.
vectors
Vehicles by which DNA may be introduced into a host cell.
plasmids
Small rings of DNA found naturally in some bacterial cells in addition to the main bacterial chromosome.
probe
strand of RNA or single-stranded DNA labeled with a radioactivity or fluorescent dye that can base-pair to specific DNA, such as the donor gene in recombinant DNA.
Human Genome Project
A research effort undertaken to sequence all of our DNA and locate within it all of the functionally important sequences, such as genes.
proteome
An organism's complete set of proteins.
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)
Unique spots where individuals differ by a single nucleotide.
bioinformatics
scientific field that combines biological science, computer science, and information technology to enable the discovery of new biological insights and unifying principles.
proteomics
The study of all of an organism's proteins, including their identities.
two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
Separates proteins in two steps, first by isoelectric points and then by molecular weights.
gene therapy
The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder.
cloning by nuclear transfer
The introduction of the nucleus of a somatic cell into an egg cell that has been stripped of its genetic material for the purpose of cloning a whole organism.
telomeres
Repeated DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that shorten with each round of cell division.
DNA vaccine
A vaccine made from the DNA of a pathogen but does not have disease-causing capability.
bioethics
The study of ethical issues related to DNA technology.
Transposon
A piece of DNA that move from one chromosome location to another and have no role in physiology or development
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