Survey of drug information: Final Exam

2 types of secondary literature

Indexing and abstracting

Indexing

Bibliographic data only

Abstracting

Contains a brief description of the information found in the article

General secondary databases

PubMed, Galileo, Ovid, Embase, Google scholar, Web of science, scopus

Discipline specific secondary databases

International pharmaceutical abstracts

Primary literature

Original research reports

Secondary literature

Indexing and abstracting services

Tertiary literature

Textbook and compendia

What are the classifications of tertiary literature ?

Drug oriented, product oriented, disease oriented

Drug oriented secondary references

American hospital formulary services (AHFS), Facts and Comparisons, goodman and gila, martindale, Remington, lexicomp, micromedex

Product oriented secondary references

Facts & comparisons, physician’s desk reference, handbook of non-prescription drugs

Disease oriented secondary references

Applied therapeutics: the clinical use of drugs and pharmacotherapy (DiPiro’s)

Where was the 1st drug information center ?

University of Kentucky Medical Center

What is the purpose of the 1st drug information center ?

Same as it is today

Who is the most common caller to DIC?

Physicians

What is the most common type of call to DIC?

Therapeutic consults

What is the correct approach when looking for drug information?

Tertiary —> secondary —> primary

MeSH

Medical subject heading, NLM controlled vocabulary thesaurus for indexing articles in MEDLINE, terms are arranged from general to specific, updated annually, when you start pubmed, it will automatically try to match the most accurate term

PICOs

Patient/problem, intervention considered, comparison intervention, outcome of interest (POEM: patient-oriented evidence that matters), study design

Parenthesis

Can be used to group terms

Never use only

The abstract

What has the most up-to-date info?

Primary resources

How to check creditability ?

1. Is it current/ has it been updated 2. Authority: who is the author, source, sponsor, what are their creditors, affiliations, URL type 3. Accuracy: where is the info from? Citations/ references, is there any bias, spelling/grammar errors 4. What is the purpose? Fact or opinion 5. Is there any advertisements? Are they related? Is it trying to sell something? 6. Reputation: it is well know? Is the data within their scope?

Poison control number

(800)-222-1222

What journal is cited the most by the late press?

New England journal of medicine and journal of the American medical association (JAMA)

If someone calls your pharmacy because there has been a poisoning what should you do?

Call poison control

What journal is Dr. May a part of?

Pharmacotherapy and journal of the American college of clinical pharmacy

What journal does Dr. May think is the most important?

American journal of health-system pharmacy

What is the most common type of overdose/ poisoning ?

Analgesic drugs

Most common age group of poisoning?

Children

6 step systematic approach to answering drug related questions

1. Secure demographics of requestor

2. Obtain appropriate background information

3. Determine and categorize the ultimate question

4. Develop an efficient search strategy

5. Perform evaluation, analysis, and synthesis

6. Formulate a response at the appropriate level for the requestor

Secure demographic of requestor

Name, profession/ position, how to contact the requestor

Obtain background info

What do you need to know? Comprehensive but it overly time consuming, appropriate, general information (patient specific or academic? Where have they looked?) if patient specific: medical/ medication history, age, sex, weight, allergies, organ function, prescription/ OTC meds, other more specific questions

Categories of drug questions

Dosing, drug interactions, adverse reactions, side effects, IV compatibility/ stability, pregnancy/lactation, pharmacotherapy, general product information

Develop an efficient search strategy

Categorize question, determine effort level needed (3°,2°,1°), general to specific ( start with 3° then proceed through 2° then to 1°)

You should always

Use at least 2 resources to verify information and document references and activities

Perform evaluation, analysis and synthesis

Determine the need for peripheral information (logical follow up questions), synthesize a patient specific or situation specific response, document activities

Formulate and provide response

Confidence: no “I think” say “ there are no reports in the literature”, prepare answers in logical sequence, and use logical arguments if the literature includes conflicting data, never use abstracts alone, anticipate questions, ask if they need information in writing, if information is required or additional information is needed, offer follow-up if needed

Follow-up

Verify appropriateness of info especially if based on assumptions

Follow-through

Readdress request based on new data