Cancer Bio EXAM- topic 1 and 2

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56 Terms

1
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How do you classify the type of cancer?
By the tissue affected
2
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What does the grade of a tumour mean?
Differentiation, nuclear and cytoplasmic abnormalities, number of mitoses, extension of necrosis...
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How do you define the stage of a cancer?
TNM classification and number
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What is TNM classification
T: size of the tumor

N: putative regional lymph node invasion

M: distant metastases
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What are the main steps towards formation of a cancer?
Initiation→Promotion→ Progression-→ Metastasis
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What genes are often associated with hereditary cancers?
BRCA1, BRCA2
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What are the first 6 hallmarks of cancer?
1\.Sustained proliferation signals

2\.Evasion of growth supressors

3\.Invasion and metastasis

4\.Replicative immortality

5\.Sustained angiogensis

6\.Resisting cell death
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What are the 4 next generation hallmarks of cancer?
1\.Evasion of the immune system

2\.Tumour promoting inflammation

3\.Genome instability and mutation

4\.Deregulating cellular energetics
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What is the effect of a mutation of BRCA1?
Affects the ability to repair dsDNA breaks and affects checkpoint controls during the cell cycle
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What class of drugs targets the hallmark “ Sustained proliferation signals”
EGFR inhibitors
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What class of drugs targets the hallmark “Evasion of growth supressors”
CDK inhibitors
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What class of drugs targets the hallmark “Invasion and metastasis”
Inhibitors of HGF/cMet
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What class of drugs targets the hallmark “Replicative immortality”

\
Telomerase inhibitors
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What class of drugs targets the hallmark ”Sustained angiogensis”
Inhbitors of VEGF signalling
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What class of drugs targets the hallmark “Resisting cell death”
Proapoptotic drugs
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What class of drugs targets the hallmark “Evasion of the immune system”
PDL-1 and PD-1 inhibitors
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What class of drugs targets the hallmark “Tumour promoting inflammation”
selective anti-inflammatory drugs
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What class of drugs targets the hallmark “Genome instability and mutation”
PARP inhibitors
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What class of drugs targets the hallmark”Deregulating cellular energetics”
Aerobic glycolysis inhibitors
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What is Ras and what does a mutation in Ras lead to?
Ras is a proto-oncogene. A mutation in RAS makes it stay in the LOCKED conformation or GTP conformation, which means that it is continuously activated and does not require any signal for it to stimulate cell division.
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Describe “READERS” in epigenetics
specialized domain containing proteins that identify and interpret the modifications from Writers
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Describe “WRITERS” in epigenetics
introduce various chemical modifications on DNA and histones
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Describe “ERASERS” in epigenetics
proteins that are capable of removing modifications to DNA or histones that were produced by epigenetic writers to regulate gene expression
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Epigenetic transcriptional control can occur through:
1\.DNA methylation

2\.Histone modification and chromatin remodelling

3\.Non-coding RNA's
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Name 3 epigenetic writers

1. DNMTs
2. HMTs
3. HATs
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Name one epigenetic reader
UHRF1
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Name 3 epigenetic erasers
1\.DNA-demethylating enzymes

2\.KDMs

3\.HDACs
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What do DNMTs catalyze
The addition of a methyl group to the 5th carbon position of cytosines, especially at a C followed by a guanine
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What is the reaction of DNMT
cytosine→5-methylcytosine
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What does DNA **hyper**methylation lead to?
Promoter silencing of tumorsuppressor genes
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What does DNA **Hypo**methylation lead to?
Genome instability and Oncogene activation
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What does high expression of UHRF1 lead to?
Hypermethylation→Inhibition of TSG
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What kind of biomarker can UHRF1 be?
prognosis and diagnostic biomarker
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What does UHRF1 bind to?
HDAC1 and DNMT1 through the SRA domain
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What are the Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) enzymes?
DNA-demethylating enzymes (Erasers)
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What type of reactions do the TET enzymes do?
Oxidation reactions
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What are the reaction steps catalyzed by the TET enzymes?
5-methylcytosine→5hydroxymethylcytosine →5-formylcytosine→5-carboxylcytosine
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Are levels of 5-hydroxy-methylcytosine HIGH or LOW in cancer?
LOW
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On which 2 amino acids does histone modification often occur?
Lysine and arginine
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which domain of the histone is often methylated?
H3 tail
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Is MLL a histone methylation reader, writer or eraser?
writer
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What does MLL methylate?
H3K4
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Low levels of histone modification is associated with good or bad survival prognosis in patients?
Bad prognosis
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Name 2 histone methylation Readers:
HP1 and Chd1
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Name a class of histone methylation erasers and two examples from this class:
HDMs (LSD and JMJC)
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True or false “ Histone methylation can either promote or inhibit gene expression”
True
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Name the class of histone acetylation writers:
KATs or HATs
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Name the class of histone acetylation readers:
The BETs
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What does BET stand for?
Bromodomain and extraterminal domain proteins
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What is BET?
A histone acetylation reader
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Name the 4 members of the BET family:
BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, BRDt
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What is the name of the histone acetylation erasers?
HDACs
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What happens when HDACs are disregulated?
Over de-acetylation and and inactivation of tumour supressor genes
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True or False “ miRNA can be tumour-promoting and tumour-supressing”
True
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What type of biomarker can miRNA be?
Predictive biomarkers
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