Unit 0 Science Practice AP Psych Vocab

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Cultural Norm

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Description and Tags

57 Terms

1

Cultural Norm

The unwritten rules in a society

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2

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one’s beliefs

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3

Hindsight Bias

Our tendency after an event has occurred to overestimate the extent to which we could’ve predicted it

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4

Overconfidence

When you think you know more than you actually know

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5

Independent Variable

The thing that is being changed

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6

Dependent Variable

The measured outcome of the changes

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7

Confounding Variables

A variable that can interefere with the dependent and independent variables

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8

Random Assignment

A method that helps ensure an equal chance of being in either group to prevent bias

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9

Case Study

An observational data collection method that identifies behavioral or cognitive qualities

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10

Correlation

A mutual relationship or connection between 2+ things

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11

Positive Correlation

Scores go up and down together

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12

Negative Correlation

One score will go up while the other will go down

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13

Meta-analysis

A quantitative research method that uses the combination of multiple studies to create a single result

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14

Naturalistic Observation

When humans or animals are observed in their own setting and are unaware

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15

Hypothesis

A testable statement / a tentative explanation for something

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16

Falsifiable

The logical possibility it can be proven false by an observation or experiment

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17

Operational Definitions

The way an experimenter defines the vague parts of an experiment’s hypothesis

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18

Replication

An experiment done with different participants. If results yield similar, the research’s reliability grows

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19

Central Tendency

A summary measure that attempts to describe a whole set of data with a single value to represent it’s central distribution

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20

Variation

Qualitative differences in form, structure, behavior, or physiology

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21

Percentile Rank

The percentage of individuals with scores at or below the particular value

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22

Mean

The average of values

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23

Median

The “middle” value

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24

Mode

The value that appeared the most

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25

Range

The difference between the max value and the min value

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26

Normal Curve

A bell-shaped distribution that describes the frequency of natural occurrences and phenomenons

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27

Positive Skew

When there is too many low scores, causing it to be skewed right

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28

Negative Skew

When there are too many high scores, causing it to be skewed left

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29

Standard Deviation

The average difference between each score in the data set and mean

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30

Regression toward the mean

The tendency for outliers to become closer to the mean over time upon retesting

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31

Random Sampling

A method where each person is equally likely to be selected in a sample

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32

Convenience Sampling

A qualitative method that selects participants based on availability and accessibility

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33

Generalizing

The tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli

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34

Experimental Group

The group in the experiment that gets special treatment

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35

Control Group

The group in the experiment that does not get special treatment

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36

Placebo

A fake pill or treatment that has no effect

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37

Placebo Effect

When a person’s mental health or ability seems to improve after taking a placebo

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38

Single-Blind Study

A study where the participant does not know whether they are in the experiment or control group

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39

Double-Blind Study

A study where both the participant and experimenter does not know whether they are in the experiment or control group

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40

Experimenter bias

When the experimenter’s expectations, beliefs, or notions unintentionally influence the outcome

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41

Social Desirability Bias

When respondents give answers that they believe will make them look good

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42

Qualitative Research / Measures

A method of research that produces descriptive data

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43

Structured Interviews

A quantitative method where the interviewer reads exactly whats on the interview form

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44

Quantitative Research / Measures

A method of research that measures variables using a numerical system

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45

Likert Scale

A rating scale used to measure opinions, attitudes, or behaviors

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46

Representation of Participants

A synonym for a representative sample

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47

Peer Review

A process that checks the quality and validity of the research

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48

Scatterplot

A graph showing data for 2+ variables in dots

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49

Correlation Coefficient

The measure of the extent and direction of the relationship between 2 sets of scores

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50

Effect Size

Tells you how meaningful the relationship is between variables or the difference between groups

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51

Statistical Significance

Helps explain if the results are due to manipulation or by pure luck and chance (P-Value)

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52

Third Variable Problem

When another variable causes both variables to either increase or decrease

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53

Informed Consent

The agreement to partake in an experiment or study

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54

Protection from Harm

A value in the ethic guidlines

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55

Confidentiality

When the information about participants are kept secret

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56

Deception

When you lie to participants. You cannot invalidate their consent or it’ll go against the Ethic Guidlines

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57

Debriefing

When you must explain the deception and the true purpose behind it

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