Studied by 0 peopleacid rain
-damages tissues (can cause respitory issues)
-reduces soil nutrients
-changes communities
most of the waters Earth is
marine
most of the earths freshwater is
found in glaciers
a region of earth most unlikely to have a freshwater shortage are
in the boreal forests of Canada & Russia
future water stress is most likely to strike
the Middle East or Asia
What part of the water cycle has the longest residence time
water storage in oceans
what is a water table
the current point of water level in an unconfined aquifer
what is the movement of water from vapor to liquid water in the atmosphere occurs through a process called
condensation
the largest use of water is for
agricultural use
water use for agriculture is
irrigation, animal feed, & processing food
on average water for domestic use is about ________% of the total water withdrawal & use
10%
What type of pollutant is most likely to cause human health issues?
bacteria, viruses, & pathogens from untreated sewage
water pollutants that are likely to cause significant ecosystem disruption
-dumping leaf litter into a lake or pond
-fertilizer entering a water body
What are point source pollutants
-paper mill effluent
-underground storage tank
-sewage treatment facility
Manure seepage from a manure pike in a private horse farm would be
could point source if the manure is regulated & monitored otherwise nonpoint source
dead zones result from
cultural eutrophication
thermal pollution is a concern because
it lowers the dissolved oxygen of the water
water borne infectious disease is sourced from
human sewage
nonpoint source water pollution might include
goose & gull poop on the beaches that increase fecal coliform bacteria levels
factors that negatively affect water quality & can be considered “water pollution” have
-negative impacts on human health
-disrupt ecosystem
this type of water pollution tends to mostly disrupt ecosystem function
thermal pollution
this type of water pollution may have an impact on human health
radio active releases
these pollutants are likely to cause high biochemical oxygen demand
-runoff of lawn nutrients into local waterway
-sewage overflow
-town leaf compost dumped local bay
what is a nonpoint air pollutant
volatile organic compounds released from oil based paint
example of a point source pollutant
-emissions from the tailpipe of your car
-mercury released from a coal-burning power plant
-volatile organic compounds released from a manufacturing plant
incomplete burning of wood
carbon monoxide
burning of gasoline
nitrogen oxide
coal buring
sulfur dioxide
house hold appliances
volatile organic compounds
dust in the wind
speculate particulate matter
what can lead to acid rain
-burning coal
-burning gasoline
what comprises SMOG
-nitrogen oxide
-sulfur dioxide
-VOC
-dust & sand
what can cause increase asthma
VOC
what causes the ozone hole in the stratosphere
CFC
name two major gases released from burning gasoline in your car
carbon monoxide & nitrogen oxide
primary pollutants that result from burning coal
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, & nitrogen oxide
what are two primary gases of SMOG? secondary?
-primary: nitrogen oxide & VOCS
-secondary: heat & sunlight
what is otherwise known as airborne dusts, sand, & grit
Smog
name three gases that can cause respiratory illness
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, VOCS, & SPMs
clean air act (1970) reduced this to almost zero when banned as a gasoline additive
banned lead in gasoline
released from paints, resins, solvents, & escape when you fill your car with gasoline
VOCS (volatile organic compounds)
fugitive, odorless, colorless gas in your home
carbon monoxide
destroys atmospheric (stratosphere) ozone
chlorine
develops the lower atmospheric (troposphere) ozone layer
CFCs (chloroflurocarbons)
in Atlanta 1996 the Olympic committee reduced automobile emissions in the city by reducing
nitrogen oxide
if you want to reduce the secondary pollutant of Smog or ground-level ozone you have to reduce the primary pollutants of
-VOCS→ industry, AC, & consumer products
-Nitrogen Oxide→ fertilizers, gas, or coal
if you want to reduce the secondary pollutant of acid rain you have to reduce the primary pollutant of
-nitrogen oxide→ fertilizers, gas, coal
-sulfur dioxide→ power plants & smelting metals
what is one way that the Clean Air Act of 1990 reauthorized Clean Air Act of 1970
the air standards increased
Why is groundwater so difficult to protect?
can be unknowingly polluted, overdrawn, saltwater intrusion etc.
-landfills, septic tanks etc.
How do we protect groundwater?
keeping pollutants to a minimum
Safe drinking water act of 1974
established to protect the quality of drinking water in the U.S.; created provisions to protect underground aquifers
what does the safe drinking water act of 1974 regulate
bacteria, barium, nitrates, pesticides, mercury
safe drinking act of 1972
made the water swimmable & fishable
What is air composed of ?
78% N2, 21% O2, 0.04% CO, 0-4% water vapor, & other trace gases
the 5 atmospheric levels from lowest to highest
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
exosphere
what is the difference between primary & secondary pollutants?
primary= harmful when released
secondary= harmful when they combine with other in the air
air pollution
the contamination of air by the discharge of harmful substances→ can cause respiratory distress
what are major contributors to acid rain?
sulfur dioxide & nitrogen oxide
what % of the earth’s water is fresh
3.6%
where is earth’s freshwater found
groundwater, glaciers, & surface water
What problems can the lack of freshwater cause?
limited availability of drinking water (dependent on where you live)
percipitation
any liquid that falls back to earth
condensation
conversion of a gas to liquid
evaporation
when a liquid turns into a gas
inflitration
the soil’s ability to allow movement through the soil profile; movement of water down into the soil
overdraw
when more water is pumped from the ground than is available
run off
the draining away of water from the surface of an area of land, building, road etc.
recharge rates
how frequently the water is replenished
water table falling
in summer months water is lower, when it gets lower, there is a chance of subsidence
subsidence
when humans over-exploit underground water supplies until the land above collapses
saltwater intrusion
movement of saltwater into freshwater aquifers which can lead to quality degradation of ground water
contamination
when unwanted things enter the waterway
percolate
filter gradually through a porous surface or substance
water cycle
processes by which water circulates between the oceans, atmosphere, & land'; involves precipitation→ drainage → & return to the atmosphere through evaporation & transpiration
evotranspirations
the process by which water is transferred land from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation
watershed
an area of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas
infectious agents
are organisms capable of producing infection or infectious diseases
-bacteria, fungi, viruses& parasites
how are infectious agents removed from water?
treated water, removing sources of waste from drinking water
causes of infectious agents in drinking water
human & animal waste
oxygen-demanding waste
oxidize in the receiving body of water with the consumption of dissolved oxygen
what are the causes of oxygen-demanding waste
food & waste residue in water
thermal pollution
excessive heat
causes of thermal pollution
water cooling of electric power plant
effects of thermal pollution
with rapid temperature changes, aquatic animals are more susceptible to disease
solutions of thermal pollution
settling ponds
organic chemicals
any chemical composition including hydrogen, carbon or a derivative of it
causes of organic chemicals
agricultural use, fuel consumption, agricultural run off, industrial discharges
inorganic chemicals
a chemical compound that lacks carbon
inorganic chemical causes
combustion of fossil fuels, metal processing etc.
sedimentation
the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained & come to rest against a barrier
sedimentation causes
when dirt or other material enter the waterway
what is a dead zone
a place or period in which nothing happens or no life exists
where is a dead zone
in the Gulf of Mexico→ caused by run off of fertilizers & pesticides containing nitrogen
water scarcity & stress
using water at a greater rate than the recharge rate…. leads to the degradation of the natural temperature of water
where is water stress prominent
are predicted to become more common & the number of nations that lack the availability of freshwater is increasing
places in northern africa, asia, western erupoe, & the U.S.
solutions to water stress & scarcity
resides on the knowledge of water & the rate of recharge equal to withdrawal
water consumption globally 70:20:
70%=agriculture
20%=industry
10%other
how does the U.S. compare to other countries globally
the U.S. withdraws 20-40% of their total available water while Canada only withdraws about 10%
How can we try to increase the water supply?
we can increase water supply by building underground storage & reservoirs, & creating water transfer schemes
what is your watershed?
02852
Pettasquamscutt Watershed
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