Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Ecological Tolerance
range of conditions in which organisms can live
Generalists
live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions
Specialists
live under a narrow range of conditions
persist well when environmental conditions remain relatively constant, or if the food source they specialize in is abundant
more vulnerable to reductions in number of individuals and possible extinction
Global climate change
 expected to cause shifts in temperature and precipitation which at least habitats to change in food abundance to fluctuate
 Niche generalists should be more adaptable and resilient
 success of a species
the population size of the species
 population / intrinsic growth rate
the number of offspring an individual can produce in a given time period minus the death of the individual or it's offspring during the same period
K-selected species
 species with low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches the carrying capacity
carrying capacity
the limit to the number of individuals that can be supported by an existing habitat or ecosystem
denoted as k
K-Selected species characteristics
typically large organisms that reach reproductive maturity relatively late
produce few large offspring during each reproductive event
expend significant energy providing prenatal care
low population growth rate and long lifespans
populations are relatively stable and remain close to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem
vulnerable to adverse impacts from invasive species due to high competition
r-selected species
 High intrinsic growth rate
populations increase rapidly reproduce often and produce large numbers of offspring
rapidly surpass their carrying capacity and reach a population larger than the environment’s carrying capacity
 overshoot
when a population becomes larger than the environment’s carrying capacity
dieback/dieoff
a rapid decline in population due to death
r-selected species characteristics
 reach reproductive age early produce many offspring little to no prenatal care populations fluctuate widely above and below the carrying capacity of the ecosystemÂ
Survivorship curves
graphs that represent the distinct survival patterns of species
Type 1 survivorship curve
high survival throughout most of lifespan, but individuals start to die off in large numbers when they reach old age
Type 2 survivorship curve
there is a constant decline of survivorship throughout most of lifespan
Type 3 survivorship curve
low survivorship, high death rates early in life with few individuals reaching adulthood
Density-dependent factors
factors that influence an individual’s probability of survival and reproduction in a way that depends on the size of the population (competition for resources, predation, disease, etc.)
Density-independent factors
factors that have the same effect on an individual’s probability of survival and the amount of reproduction at any population size (natural disasters, droughts, pollution, climate change, etc.)
population growth models
mathematical equations that can be used to predict population size at any moment in time
fecundity
the ability to produce an abundance of offpsring
Exponential growth model
growth model that estimates a population’s future after a period of time, based on the biotic potential and the # of reproducing individuals currently in the population
biotic potential
maximum rate at which a population can grow under ideal conditions, with unlimited resources and no limiting factors like disease or predation
J-shaped curve
the change of a growing population over time, population grows slowly at first and then rapidly increases due to unlimited resources
logistic growth model
growth model that described a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment
limiting resource
resource that a population cannot live without and occurs in amounts lower than the population would require to increase in size
exponential growth slows/stops when
environmental limit is reached
Malthus’ observation
human population grows exponentially while the food supply we rely on grows linearly
Malthus hypothesis
human population size will eventually exceed the food supply
demography
the study of human population and population trends
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
number of births per 1000 individuals per year
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year
Global population growth rate equation
(CBR-CDR)/10
net migration rate
difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1000 people in a country
positive net migration
more immigration than emigration
national population % growth rate
{(CBR + immigration) - (CDR - emigration)}/10
life expectancy
average # of years that an person born in a particular country can be expected to live given the current life span and death rate in their country
Infant mortality rate
number of deaths of infants under the age of 1 per 1000 live births
environmental justice
the study of how people of color, recent immigrants, and low-income individuals are more likely to be exposed to environmental hazards
age structure diagram
visual representation of the number of individuals in a specific age group for a country
population pyramid
age structure diagram that illustrates the distribution of a population based on age and gender
developing countries
countries that have relatively low levels of industrialization and income
developed countries
countries that have a large level of industrialization and income
inverted pyramid
greater # of older people than younger people, decreasing and negative growth rates
population momentum
continued population growth after growth reduction measures have been implemented
pyramid shaped population
population has a higher proportion of younger people that has rapidly expanded and will continue to grow
column shaped population
indicates that a country has begun to experience slowing population growth
total fertility rate
an estimate of the average # of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her child bearing years
family planning
regulation of the number of spacing of offspring through different incentives and policies
replacement level fertility
total fertility rate required to offset the average # of deaths in a population in order to maintain population size
china’s “one-child” policy
government enforced family planning program
factors that contribute to population growth
high CBR, high TFR, low infant mortility rate, early marriage, lack of access to family planning, access to adequate nutrition, low overall death rate
doubling time
the # of years it takes a population to double
rule of 70
dividing the growth rate by 70 can determine a population’s doubling time
theory of demographic transition
a country moves from high to lower birth rates as development occurs and that a country moves from a pre-industrialized to an industrialized economy
Stage 1 (demographic transition)
slow population growth, high birth and death rates
Stage 2 (demographic transition)
rapid population growth, birth rates high and death rates decreasing
Stage 3 (demographic transition)
stable population growth, birth and death rates decreasing
Stage 4 (demographic transition)
declining population growth, low birth and death rates
IPAT
a conceptual representation of 3 major factors that influence environmental impact
IPAT equation
impact = population x affluence x technology