Exam #3 Reivew

Massachusetts State House
Boston Massachusetts,
1795-1797
Charles Bulfinch

Somerset House, London, 1776-1786, Sir William Chambers

Inspiration for Massachusetts State House, mimics the rhythm

Chamfer

A corner that is cut off (Massachusetts State House Chamber of the House of Representatives)

Doric Hall

Hall in Massachusetts State House that has doric columns on pedestals with impost blocks but no arch above (should have solid entablature)

Massachusetts State House dome connections

The dome is in a square room with chamfers. Pendentives transition into the dome (precedent: "the Pantheon" Great Room, James Wyatt, London, 1769-72)

Is the Doric Hall Roman or Greek?

Roman doric: columns have bases

"Sacred Cod" or "Holy Mackeral"

Codfish on the chandelier in the Hall of Reps (now Senate) because of economic importance of cod

Bottom of beacon hill

Where Massachusetts State House was built

Sturgis, Chapman, and Andrews (1913-1917)

Designed the additional wings. They were made white because at the time the red brick was painted white.

Robert Gould Shaw Memorial

Augustus Saint-Gaudens, 1897 - first monument to real black people in the United States - Nike flying above them

Benjamin Henry Latrobe

Born in Leeds- Moravian Church.
First professional architect in the US.
Sent to Germany for Moravian school.
Trained by S.P. Cockerell

Moravia

Eastern part of the Czech Republic. Part of the Holy Roman Empire but wanted to break away from the Catholic Church

Panopticon

a circular prison with cells arranged around a central well, from which prisoners could at all times be observed. Designed by Jeremy Bentham. Meaning "all-seeing" - Design used by Latrobe in Virginia State Penitentiary

Bank of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1798-1801, Benjamin Latrobe

Bank of Pennsylvania as "innovative design"

-parts of ancient architecture were emulated but never copied
-a mixture of Greek and Roman temple

Amphiprostyle Plan

Amphi = both sides
Pro = front
Style = column

Bank of Pennsylvania changes from original design

The dome changed and the guard houses in the four corners of the site (back ones were outhouses)

Greek ionic capitals on the Bank of Pennsylvania

included a dip between swirls

First masonry vault or dome in the U.S.

The Bank of Pennsylvania dome

Bank of Pennsylvania second floor problem

You cannot get from one side of the second floor to the other. The banking hall dome is in the way.

Strange window in the Bank of Pennsylvania

Window directly above the fireplace- diverted the flue system

Bank of Pennsylvania inspired by

Bank of England, London, Rotunda, Sir John Soane, 1794-1795

Roman Catholic Cathedral, Baltimore, Maryland, 1806-1821, Benjamin Latrobe

Cathedral

Cathedra = throne - Throne of the Bishop

Roman Catholic Cathedral in Baltimore significance

housed the diocese for all of the U.S.

Two styles Latrobe offered for Roman Catholic Cathedral

neo-classical and Gothic

Ecclecticism

the selection of elements from diverse styles for architectural decorative designs, different historical styles combined

Gothic Churches

Typical English Church

Later additions to the Roman Catholic Cathedral

- temple front portico
- tower domes
- choir

Inspiration for Roman Catholic Cathedral

Sir John Soane, Bank of England, Stock Office, 1792

Halle au Blé

grain exchange of Paris - dome had different shells with windows on the outer shell

Thomas Jefferson

"Author of the Declaration of Independence, of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, and Father of the University of Virginia"

Sally Hemmings

the half-sister of Thomas Jefferson's wife whom Jefferson had a relationship and had 4 children with. Those children were the only slaves liberated at the end of his life

Virginia State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia, 1785-1798, Thomas Jefferson

Virginia State Capitol inspiration

Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France, c. 10 AD

Differences between Maison Carrée and Virginia State Capitol

No stairs in front of the Capitol
Column capitals were ionic instead of Corinthian (lack of stone carvers)
No columns on side of the Capitol

Frontpiece of Virginia State Capitol

Laugier's "Essai sur l'architecture" 1752: shows primitive hut- trunks support - branches entablature and pediment

Rotunda in the middle of Virginia State Capitol

square hall - round dome.
meant to have columns, but the contractor put giant modillian brackets
Statue of Washington

Fasces

A bundle of sticks around an axe - a symbol of authority (Roman origin) - Virginia State Capitol Washington Statue leans on this

Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia (First building campaign: 1769-1782) (Second building campaign: 1796-1809) Thomas Jefferson

Monticello inspirations

Palladio's Villa Cornaro
Hôtel de Salm

Jefferson hid the second floor of Monticello from the exterior by...

Jefferson put the windows of the second floor at the bottom of the wall

Monticello's beds were designed...

beds were placed in alcoves or nooks designed specifically for the placement of the bed

Triple-hung windows

Tall windows that instead of being only double-hung, are triple-hung. Used in Monticello.

What was different about how Jefferson designed stairs for Monticello?

Jefferson designed narrow and steep staircases because he thought grand staris were dumb

Dumbwaiter

a small elevator used to convey food (or other goods) from one floor of a building to another. Used in Monticello. Also kept servants from interacting with guests

Monticello's original site plan included...

- flankers with terraces that would surround the garden
- spaces beneath the terraces used for workshops and store rooms
- out-of-sight cabins for slaves
- South terrace room for Sally

Chinese Railings

Utilized on the terraces at Monticello. Thomas Chippendale invented their own idea of what Chinese furniture would look like and it stuck

The University of Virginia, Charlottesvile, Virginia, 1817-1825, Thomas Jefferson

Who influenced some of the designs for The University of Virginia?

Benjamin Latrobe. He provided a sketch for the University influencing the idea for teacher housing, the general site-plan, and the idea that the rotunda would be at the center and it be the library not a church

Maverick Plan

The U-Shaped plan for the University of Virginia

What were the terms used for the different buildings in the plan for the University of Virginia

"ranges" = student housing
"hotels" = dining rooms
"pavilions" = teacher housing

Serpentine walls

sturdy walls that use less brick. Utilized at the University of Virginia

University of Virginia Rotunda looks like...

looks like the Roman Pantheon but has stepped-ring dome, has 6 columns in front instead of 8, there is only 1 pediment instead of 2, is 2-stories with multiple rooms rather than one big room

Folly

"folie" = foolish/madness term in English is used for buildings or structures that rich estate owners would have built on their gardens to look like ruins

Robert Mills Annex of 1851-1832

Expansion of the Rotunda of the University of Virginia. The annex was not entirely attatched, there was covered space between

University of Virginia post fire

McKim, Mead, and White worked on it post fired making it one big room with an abreviated temple front on back and terraces and steps leading downhill. Fredrick Nichols returned the plan to Jefferson's 1973

Second Bank of the United States, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1818-1824, William Strickland

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it. Wrote up the description for what was desired for the design of the bank - also had a say in the design of Girard College Founders Hall

Second Bank of the United States material

Pennsylvania blue marble - the design was for marble, but it can't be found locally

Benjamin Latrobe's design of the Second Bank of the United States

Latrobe submitted a design to the competition which happened to look a lot like what Strickland wound up building

Second Bank of the United States inspiration

The Parthenon - however columns on ends are closer together for triglyphs to be on the corners and the interior is similar to a basilica

Tennessee State Capitol, Nashville, Tennessee, 1845-1859, William Strickland

How is the Tennessee State Capitol different from other state capitols

It does not have a dome - a rule that was based on the US capitol and wasn't established until after the Civil War

Tennessee State Capitol ionic columns resemble...

The Erechtheion in Athens. Columns have big necking with anthemion and a dip in the capital

Main floor of the Tennessee State Capitol

The second floor was the main floor but entry was through the ground floor which was designed as a rusticated basement

Stonework on the Tennessee State Capitol tower

The stones were stacked and then the pattern was carved

Tennessee State Capitol tower inspiration

Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens c.335BC (Hellenistic Period)

US Custom House, New York, New York, 1833-1842, Town and Davis

Significance of the site of the US Custom House

It was the location of George Washington's presidential inauguration - previously site of the Federal Hall - Now called Federal Hall National Monument

The Architect's Dream, Thomas Cole, 1840

Commissioned by Ithiel Town who upon receiving it sent it back because he didn't like it (indicating Town wasn't the greatest judge in aesthetics)

What was missing from the US Custom House when the contractor built it

The contractor, Samuel Thompson, removed the dome and changed the interior moving the round room closer to the front rather than in the middle

US Custom House inspiration

The Parthenon - instead of columns down the sides they placed square protrusions as a standing for columns down the sides

Girard College, Founder's Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1833-1848, Thomas Ustick Walter

How was the Girard College Founder's Hall like and dislike a Greek temple

it had peripteral columns and the front had a door and no windows like a temple - it utilized Corinthian columns on the exterior which was unlike a Greek temple and it does not follow the rule for number of columns on the sides

Desired material for the roof of the Girard College Founder's Hall

Marble, as requested by Nicholas Biddle

Tie rod

An iron or steel rod serves as a structural tie keeping the lower ends of an arch frame or vault from spreading.

Trinity Church, New York, New York, 1839-1847, Richard Upjohn

Church similar to the Trinity Church

AWN Pugin's St.Giles

What is "wrong" with the Trinity Church

Unnecessary buttresses, dishonest ceiling detail (extra ribbing and plaster material)

Lierne vaulting

lier = to tie together, structurally identical to normal rib vaulting, includes extra ribs for decoration

Lunette

a crescent-shaped space opening up for a window (sometimes also for a sculpture or painting)

Yale College Library (now Dwight College Chapel), New Haven, Connecticut, 1842-1847, Henry Austin

What is the Yale College Library is an adaptation of

King's College Chapel, Cambridge, England, 1508-1515

Lancet

In Gothic architecture, a tall narrow window ending in a pointed arch. (utilized a lot in Gothic Revival)