bio exam 4

elements

elements

substances that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions

the periodic table

lists all chemical elements ordered by atomic number

trace elements

-14

-minerals present in living tissues in small amounts

subatomic particles

-what atoms are made out of

-protons, neutrons, electrons

protons

small positively charged particle, in nucleu

neutrons

no electrical charge, in nucleus

electrons

single unit negative charge, in nucleus

isotopes

-atoms have same number of protons and electrons

-different number of neutrons

ions

-an atom or molecule that has positive or negative electrical charge

-has gained or lost one or more electrons

chemical bonds

attraction between two atoms with opposite charges that share an outer shell of electrons

ionic bonds

transfer of electrons

covalent bonds

sharing of electrons

nonpolar

equal sharing of electrons

polar

unequal sharing of electrons

single bond

single pair of electrons

double bond

two atoms share two pairs of electrons

ionic bonds

transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another

hydrogen bond

positive hydrogen atom from one polar molecule and negative atom in another molecule create this

important in structure of water

organic compounds

molecules that contain carbon bonded to other elements

classes of organic compounds

-carbs

-lipids

-proteins

-nucleic acids

functional groups

sets of atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton

macromolecules

- polymers joined together with monomers through dehydration synthesis reactions

- large molecules that can have complex structures

polymers

-living cells in macromolecules

-large molecules made by joining many monomers

monomer

building block of polymer

hydrolysis reactions

polymers broken down into the monomers that make them up

dehydration synthesis reaction

monomers linked together to form larger polymers through this chemical reaction

metabolism

the sum total of all chemical reactions that take place in your body

lipid

-diverse group of organic compounds

-fatty, waxy, or oily compounds

-hydrophobic

hydrophobic

doesn’t mix with water

phospholipid bilayers

made by stacking two layers of a molecules called a phospholipid

phospholipid

contains a phosphate group in its hydrophilic (water-loving) head and two hydrophobic tails

-protects cell against environment

cholesterol

-lipid

-important component of animal cell membranes

triglyceride

-molecule of dietary fats

-one molecule of glycerol joined to three fatty acid molecules

steroids

-lipids that contain four fused chemical rings made from carbon

fatty acid

-building blocks of the fat in our bodies and the food we eat

anabolic steroids

synthetic variants of testosterone that mimics its effects

saturated fats

-maximum number of hydrogens along with fatty acid tail

-plant oils, coconut oils

unsaturated fats

-one or more double bonds in fatty acid tail, fewer number of hydrogens

-avocadoes, olives, nuts, seeds

hydrogenation

manufacturing process that turns unsaturated fat into solid

trans fat

-type of unsaturated fat that contains an unusual bond but does NOT occur naturally

-unhealthy

healthy fats

-omega 3 fatty acids (reduces risk of heart disease)

proteins

-most diverse large biologic molecule

-unique chemical and 3 dimensional shape to perform specific function

amino acid

all proteins consist of them

peptide bond

amino acids joined through dehydration synthesis to form

polypeptide

long chain of amino acids

anatomy

the study of the structure of an organism's body parts

structural hierarchy

Runs from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems to the whole organism

physiology

The study of functions of those parts

organ

Two or more types of tissue work together to perform specific function

organ system

Teams of organs that perform important body function

organism

Depends on coordination of all organ systems for survival

tissue

Integrated group of similar cells to perform function

digestive system

Long tube and series of organs that secrete digestive chemicals into it

Alimentary canal

Long tube or gut that is divided along digestive organs

oral cavity

mouth

pharynx

Intersection of mouth, esophagus and trachea that leads to lungs

epiglottis

covers entrance of trachea

esophagus

Muscular tube that connects pharynx to stomach

gastric juice

Acidic fluid in stomach that contains enzymes (pepsin)

small intestine

primary site of nutrient absorption

large intestine

any remaining water absorbed into bloodstream

accessory organs

Specific digestive chemicals into alimentary canal via ducts

peristalsis

propels food through gut

4 processes of food

-ingestion

-digestion

-absorption

-elimination

mechanical digestion

physical process of breaking down food (chewing)

chemical digestion

use of enzymes to perform hydrolsis

-chemical reactions that use water to break bonds with large molecules

essential nutrients

materials that body cannot make itself

minerals

Inorganic chemical elements required to maintain health

vitamins

Organic nutrient required to diet in very small amounts

essential fatty acids

must be obtained from food (salmon)

essential amino acids

must be obtained from food- plant proteins

obesity

an inappropriately high body mass index

BMI

a ratio of weight to height

gastric bypass

most common weight loss surgery, stomach reduced to small pouch

malnutrition

caused by a diet that lacks sufficient calories or essential nutrients

anorexia nervosa

self starvation due to a fear of gaining weight

bulimia

pattern of binge eating followed by vomiting through abuse of laxatives or excessive exercise

carbohydrates

Molecules constructed from one or more monosaccharides (simple sugars)

monosaccharides

-simple sugars

-building blocks of carbs

isomers

one or more compounds with the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms

-guclose, fructose

disaccharide

double sugar formed by joining two monosaccharides through a dehydration synthesis reaction

-ex. lactose, maltose, sucrose

polysaccharide

-complex carb made by joining many monosaccharides together in a long chain

-ex. starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitlin

plasma membrane

-Thin flexible oily sheet forms boundary between living cells and its surroundings

-Regulates passage of materials into and out of cell

-Facilitates communication between cells

extracellular fluid

liquid environment outside the cell

cytoplasm

interior of cell

cytosol

-watery liquid in cytoplasm

-various organelles and dissolved molecules

diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

osmosis

-Diffusion of water

-Water flows from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

facilitated diffusion

-substances cannot cross membrane on their own

-use specific transport proteins embedded in the membrane

active transport

-moving a substance against its concentration gradient from where it is less concentrated to somewhere more concentrated

-requires energy

endocytosis

Transport of large substances into the cell

exocytosis

Export of large quantities of materials from the cell

chloroplasts

-organelles of photosynthesis

photosynthesis

Energy of sunlight is captured and used to create molecules of sugar which power cellular activities

mitochondria

Provide energy to nearly all eukaryotic cells

cellular respiration

Uses oxygen to harvest chemical energy in molecules of ATP

ATP

-main energy source for cells

-molecules perform functions of life

-Molecule composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups

aerobic respiration

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)