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elements
substances that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions
the periodic table
lists all chemical elements ordered by atomic number
trace elements
-14
-minerals present in living tissues in small amounts
subatomic particles
-what atoms are made out of
-protons, neutrons, electrons
protons
small positively charged particle, in nucleu
neutrons
no electrical charge, in nucleus
electrons
single unit negative charge, in nucleus
isotopes
-atoms have same number of protons and electrons
-different number of neutrons
ions
-an atom or molecule that has positive or negative electrical charge
-has gained or lost one or more electrons
chemical bonds
attraction between two atoms with opposite charges that share an outer shell of electrons
ionic bonds
transfer of electrons
covalent bonds
sharing of electrons
nonpolar
equal sharing of electrons
polar
unequal sharing of electrons
single bond
single pair of electrons
double bond
two atoms share two pairs of electrons
ionic bonds
transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another
hydrogen bond
positive hydrogen atom from one polar molecule and negative atom in another molecule create this
important in structure of water
organic compounds
molecules that contain carbon bonded to other elements
classes of organic compounds
-carbs
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleic acids
functional groups
sets of atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton
macromolecules
- polymers joined together with monomers through dehydration synthesis reactions
- large molecules that can have complex structures
polymers
-living cells in macromolecules
-large molecules made by joining many monomers
monomer
building block of polymer
hydrolysis reactions
polymers broken down into the monomers that make them up
dehydration synthesis reaction
monomers linked together to form larger polymers through this chemical reaction
metabolism
the sum total of all chemical reactions that take place in your body
lipid
-diverse group of organic compounds
-fatty, waxy, or oily compounds
-hydrophobic
hydrophobic
doesn’t mix with water
phospholipid bilayers
made by stacking two layers of a molecules called a phospholipid
phospholipid
contains a phosphate group in its hydrophilic (water-loving) head and two hydrophobic tails
-protects cell against environment
cholesterol
-lipid
-important component of animal cell membranes
triglyceride
-molecule of dietary fats
-one molecule of glycerol joined to three fatty acid molecules
steroids
-lipids that contain four fused chemical rings made from carbon
fatty acid
-building blocks of the fat in our bodies and the food we eat
anabolic steroids
synthetic variants of testosterone that mimics its effects
saturated fats
-maximum number of hydrogens along with fatty acid tail
-plant oils, coconut oils
unsaturated fats
-one or more double bonds in fatty acid tail, fewer number of hydrogens
-avocadoes, olives, nuts, seeds
hydrogenation
manufacturing process that turns unsaturated fat into solid
trans fat
-type of unsaturated fat that contains an unusual bond but does NOT occur naturally
-unhealthy
healthy fats
-omega 3 fatty acids (reduces risk of heart disease)
proteins
-most diverse large biologic molecule
-unique chemical and 3 dimensional shape to perform specific function
amino acid
all proteins consist of them
peptide bond
amino acids joined through dehydration synthesis to form
polypeptide
long chain of amino acids
anatomy
the study of the structure of an organism's body parts
structural hierarchy
Runs from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems to the whole organism
physiology
The study of functions of those parts
organ
Two or more types of tissue work together to perform specific function
organ system
Teams of organs that perform important body function
organism
Depends on coordination of all organ systems for survival
tissue
Integrated group of similar cells to perform function
digestive system
Long tube and series of organs that secrete digestive chemicals into it
Alimentary canal
Long tube or gut that is divided along digestive organs
oral cavity
mouth
pharynx
Intersection of mouth, esophagus and trachea that leads to lungs
epiglottis
covers entrance of trachea
esophagus
Muscular tube that connects pharynx to stomach
gastric juice
Acidic fluid in stomach that contains enzymes (pepsin)
small intestine
primary site of nutrient absorption
large intestine
any remaining water absorbed into bloodstream
accessory organs
Specific digestive chemicals into alimentary canal via ducts
peristalsis
propels food through gut
4 processes of food
-ingestion
-digestion
-absorption
-elimination
mechanical digestion
physical process of breaking down food (chewing)
chemical digestion
use of enzymes to perform hydrolsis
-chemical reactions that use water to break bonds with large molecules
essential nutrients
materials that body cannot make itself
minerals
Inorganic chemical elements required to maintain health
vitamins
Organic nutrient required to diet in very small amounts
essential fatty acids
must be obtained from food (salmon)
essential amino acids
must be obtained from food- plant proteins
obesity
an inappropriately high body mass index
BMI
a ratio of weight to height
gastric bypass
most common weight loss surgery, stomach reduced to small pouch
malnutrition
caused by a diet that lacks sufficient calories or essential nutrients
anorexia nervosa
self starvation due to a fear of gaining weight
bulimia
pattern of binge eating followed by vomiting through abuse of laxatives or excessive exercise
carbohydrates
Molecules constructed from one or more monosaccharides (simple sugars)
monosaccharides
-simple sugars
-building blocks of carbs
isomers
one or more compounds with the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms
-guclose, fructose
disaccharide
double sugar formed by joining two monosaccharides through a dehydration synthesis reaction
-ex. lactose, maltose, sucrose
polysaccharide
-complex carb made by joining many monosaccharides together in a long chain
-ex. starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitlin
plasma membrane
-Thin flexible oily sheet forms boundary between living cells and its surroundings
-Regulates passage of materials into and out of cell
-Facilitates communication between cells
extracellular fluid
liquid environment outside the cell
cytoplasm
interior of cell
cytosol
-watery liquid in cytoplasm
-various organelles and dissolved molecules
diffusion
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
osmosis
-Diffusion of water
-Water flows from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration
facilitated diffusion
-substances cannot cross membrane on their own
-use specific transport proteins embedded in the membrane
active transport
-moving a substance against its concentration gradient from where it is less concentrated to somewhere more concentrated
-requires energy
endocytosis
Transport of large substances into the cell
exocytosis
Export of large quantities of materials from the cell
chloroplasts
-organelles of photosynthesis
photosynthesis
Energy of sunlight is captured and used to create molecules of sugar which power cellular activities
mitochondria
Provide energy to nearly all eukaryotic cells
cellular respiration
Uses oxygen to harvest chemical energy in molecules of ATP
ATP
-main energy source for cells
-molecules perform functions of life
-Molecule composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups
aerobic respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)