Q3 || AICE U.S history test

Rough Riders

A volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War.

Square Deal

A program by Theodore Roosevelt that promised fairness and honesty from the government toward workers and the public.

Elkins Act (1903)

Legislation that allowed the government to fine railroads for raising rates on farmers.

Hepburn Act (1906)

Empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to enforce limits on railroad prices.

Trustbuster

Refers to Theodore Roosevelt's reputation for breaking up monopolies and trusts, particularly using the Sherman Antitrust Act.

Meat Inspection Act

Provided for federal inspections and monitoring of meatpacking plants to ensure safety and quality.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Banned the interstate shipment of impure or mislabeled food or medicine.

Gifford Pinchot

Conservationist whose philosophy on resource preservation influenced Theodore Roosevelt's policies.

Progressive Party

A political party formed by Roosevelt that emphasized progressive reform and opposed Taft.

Woodrow Wilson

Democratic candidate who won the presidential election of 1912, benefiting from the Republican split.

Sherman Antitrust Act

A landmark federal statute passed to prohibit monopolistic business practices.

Department of Commerce

Established by Roosevelt to collect data from businesses and evidence of monopolies and trusts.

Child Labor Restrictions

Regulations implemented under Roosevelt aimed at limiting child labor in industries.

Electoral College

A body of electors established by the United States Constitution, responsible for electing the president.

Teddy Bear

A stuffed toy named after Theodore Roosevelt, inspired by a bear he refused to shoot during a hunting trip.

National Parks

Protected areas established for conservation and public enjoyment, many created during Roosevelt's presidency.

Woodrow Wilson

The 28th President of the United States who served from 1913 to 1921 and was known for his New Freedom plan and significant reforms in tariff and banking.

Underwood Tariff Act

A 1913 law that lowered tariffs and established a graduated income tax.

New Freedom plan

Wilson's policy framework aimed at reducing the power of corporations and providing greater economic opportunity for the average citizen.

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

Legislation that established the Federal Reserve System to regulate monetary policy and provide stability to the banking system.

Clayton Antitrust Act

A 1914 law that provided clearer definitions of anti-competitive practices and protected labor unions from being prosecuted as monopolies.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

An agency created in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and promote consumer protection.

Workingman’s Compensation Act

A law passed in 1916 providing benefits for temporarily disabled civil service employees.

Adamson Act

A law enacted in 1916 establishing an eight-hour workday for railway workers.

Triple wall of privilege

Wilson's term referring to the three areas he aimed to reform: tariffs, banks, and trusts.

Progressive Era Reforms

Political and social reforms aimed at reducing corruption in government, broadening democratic principles, and addressing social justice issues.

Panic of 1873

A financial crisis caused by railroad overbuilding, financial speculation, and an inadequate banking system.

Railroad Overbuilding

Massive investments in railroads that exceeded demand, contributing to the Panic of 1873.

Jay Cooke & Company

The largest bank to fail during the Panic of 1873, leading to widespread bank and business failures.

Widespread Unemployment

An effect of the Panic of 1873, resulting in a 14% unemployment rate.

Panic of 1893

A financial crisis triggered by the silver controversy, high tariffs, and farm problems.

Silver Controversy

The debate over the coinage of silver versus the gold standard leading to financial uncertainty during the Panic of 1893.

Unemployment Rate in 1893

Reached 25%, with widespread poverty and homelessness as effects of the Panic of 1893.

Panic of 1907

A financial crisis due to the concentration of wealth, lack of stock market regulation, and a vulnerable banking system.

Knickerbocker Trust

A large investment firm whose collapse during the Panic of 1907 led to a loss of depositor funds and bank bankruptcies.

Federal Reserve System

The central bank created as a response to financial instability following the Panic of 1907.