Biology H- Intro to Biology- Study Guide

science

knowledge obtained via observation or experiments

biology

study of life and living organisms

stimulus

a physical or chemical change in the external or internal environment

response

reaction to stimulus

homeostasis

organism must maintain relatively stable internal conditions, even though environmental conditions are constantly changing

living organisms

things that need to process energy and need a source of energy. they use chemical energy

producers

autotrophs that get energy from nonliving sources

consumers

heterotrophs that get energy from living sources

metabolism

all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body. There are two types of chemical reactions, anabolic and catabolic. (ABCD- anabolic builds, catabolic degrades)

growth and development

all living things grow and increase in size. growth can be due to an increase in the number of cells or an increase in the size of pre-existing cells

development

The process by which an organism becomes a mature adult, this involves cell division and cell differentiation

differentiation

The process of going from an unspecialized cell to becoming a highly specialized cell in a multicellular organism

reproduction

Creating a new individual organism. through this, an organism passes on genetic information. It is necessary for survival of species

DNA

This is the genetic material in all cells. diversity and unity of life are due to it. A gene is a discrete unit of it.

biosphere (biome)

All the environments on earth that supports life

ecosystem

All the organisms living in a particular area and nonliving components of an environment

community

The array of living organisms in an ecosystem

population

All the individuals of a species within a specific area

species

A particular type of living thing that can reproduce by interbreeding among themselves

organelle

Subcellular structures

organism

An individual living thing which is composed of atoms and molecules, cells and organelles, tissues, organs, and organ systems

prokaryotic cells

cells that are small and have DNA but no organelles

eukaryotic cells

cells that have DNA in a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

taxonomy

the study of scientific classification of living organisms

Carlos Linnaeus

known as the father of taxonomy, created binomial nomenclature

binomial nomenclature

the form of standard naming for scientific classification

genus

a small group of closely related organisms

taxon

a category that related organisms are

domains

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

domain eukarya

protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

plants

multicellular organisms that are autotrophic and have cell walls

cell walls

structures around some types of cells that are made of carbohydrate cellulose

fungi

eukaryotic, absorptive heterotrophs that are usually multicellular.

absorptive heterotrophs

organisms that digest food outside their body and absorb it

animals

multicellular ingestive heterotrophs that have no cell wall

protists

all aquatic organisms that can be either unicellular or multicellular and can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

domain bacteria

the larger of the two domains of prokaryotes

bacteria

microscopic organisms that have a cell wall can contain their DNA in their cytoplasm.

peptidoglycan

the compound that makes up the cell wall of a bacteria

bacilli

rod shaped prokaryotes

cocci

spherical prokaryotes

spirilla

spiral or corkscrew shaped bacteria

pili

hair like appendages that help bacteria stick to substances and move.

binary fission

process of asexual reproduction where the cell makes an exact copy of its DNA and splits itself in half.

prokaryotic DNA

forms a circular chromosome

asexual reproduction

reproduction without a sperm and egg

plasmids

smaller rings of DNA that may provide resistance to antibiotics or metabolize rare nutrients

conjugation

when cells move info in the form of a plasmid from one cell to another

pathogenic bacteria

bacteria that are harmful and cause disease

benign bacteria

bacteria that are beneficial

exotoxins

toxic, harmful protein secreted by bacteria cells

endotoxins

toxins that are released when the cell dies or is destroyed

viruses

a nonliving particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids

parasites

things that depend entirely upon other living organisms, harming the host

capsid

surrounds a virus, contains nucleic acids

bacteriophage

viruses that infect bacteria

archaea

unicellular, cell walls w/o peptidoglycan, can live in harsh environments, similar to eukaryotes

chitin

a substance that makes up the cell wall of a fungus

slimelike secretion

some bacteria glide along a layer of this to move

anabolic reaction

a reaction that builds or creates

catabolic reaction

a reaction that breaks down