1st lecture Microbiology and Parasitology

Microbiology

The study of microorganisms

microorganism

a microscopic organism

Microbes

Terms used for microorganism in reference to their role in infection ang disease

Bacteriology

study of bacteria

Phycology

study of algae

Mycology

study of fungi

Protozoology

study of protozoa

Parasitology

Special branch protozoology w/c deals with exclusively with parasitic disease producing protozoa

Virology

study of viruses

Cytology

study of cells

Serology

The study of reactions between antibodies and antigens

Immunology

study of the body's resistance to infectious disease

Epidemiology

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

Etiology

study of the cause of disease

Bioremediation

The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems

Food Microbiology

The use of microorganisms in food production and the prevention of food-borne illnesses.

Biotechnology

The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products.

genetic engineering

Makes use of molecular biology and recombinant DNA techniques asnew tools for biotechnology

gene therapy

The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder

genetically modified organisms

Used to protect crops from pests and freezing

Bacteria

Usually several micrometers in diameter

Fungi

Are about 10+ micromoter in diameter

Smallest viruses

Measure around 10nm

Protozoans

3-4mm

Archea and cyanobacteria

First microbes on earth

3.5 billion

Bacteria appeared_______ years ago

Abiogenesis

Ideal that life can arise from spontaneously from non living materials

Biogenesis

The ideal that life arise from preexisting life

Rudolf Virchow

Proposed the biogenesis theory

Taxonomy

The science of classification of living org

Classification

the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities

nomenclature

Is the assignment of names to the various taxa according to international units

identification

The process of determining wether an isolate belongs to one of the established named taxa or represents a previously unidentified species

Domain

1st level of classification

Kingdom

2nd level of classification

Phylum

3rd level of classification

Class

4th level of classification

Order

5th level of classification

Family

6th level of classification

Genus

7th level of classification

Species

8th level of classification

binomial system of nomenclature

System of naming a species by the combination of the genus name and a specific epithet.

Staphylococcus aureus

Describes clustered arrangement of cells and golden yellow color of colonies

Theodor Escherich

name of the discoverer of Escherichia coli

Sp.

designate single species

Spp.

Designate more than one species

Ssp.

Designate subspecific epithet

Phylogeny

The natural relatedness between group of living things

Robert Whittaker

Added a 5th kingdom for fungi during the period 1959-1969

bacteria, archea, eukarya

3 domains

Procaryotic and eucaryotic

2 cell types

Chemotrophs

Organisms that get energy from chemicals taken from the environment

Phototrophs

contain pigments that allow them to use light as an energy source

Organotrophs

Organisms that acquire electrons from the same organic molecules that provide them carbon and energy

Lithotrophs

Organisms that obtain electrons from the oxidation of inorganic compounds

Chemoorganotrophs

Organisms that harvest energy by oxidizing organic chemicals

Chemolithotrophs

Organismz that can tap the energy available from inorganic compounds to form energy yeilding mechanism is found only in procaryotes

extremophiles

live in extreme environments

Capnophiles

Microbes that require high CO2 conditions

Microaerophiles

grow only at lower O2 levels / grow in the presence of minute quantities of molecular oxygen

Acidophiles

Extremely acidic (2-5)

Alkaliphiles

Extremely alkaline (ph >8.5)

Thermophiles

extreme temperatures

Psychophiles

cold-loving microbes

Piezophiles

Extremely hugh pressure

Halophiles

extreme salt

Haloduric

capable of surviving in salty environment but not preferred environment

phylogenetic relationships

System of taxonomy

Inoculation

Inteoducing a tiny sample into a container of a nutrient medium

incubation

Using an incubator that creates and maintain appropriate growth temperature and other conditions

Isolation

Separating one species from another

inspection

the act of examining or reviewing

identification

Information used in identification can include relevant data already taken during initial inspection and additional tests that further describe and differentiate the microbes