circular
the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are ________ in regards to carbon
build natural things
carbon products of photosynthesis are used to ________________
decomposition and respiration
in what ways do plants and animals return carbon back into the environment (2 ways)
lots of photosynthesis, burial of carbon
name the two reasons for an imbalance in the carbon cycle leading to an increased O2 level during the carboniferous
lignin
what product caused the burial of carbon during the carboniferous
drier climate, decomposition facilitated by sandy sediments, fungi evolved to break down lignin
what are 3 hypothesized reasons for decline in O2 during the late permian period
reduction of photosynthesis
what did a drier climate during the late permian period cause
reduced burial of carbon
what did the decomposition of lignin cause
O2 levels
what drops as more carbon enters cellular respiration
more carbon burial
more lignin = __________________
less O2
more carbon burial = ____________
less carbon burial
lignin decomposition = _____________
more O2
less carbon burial =______________
CO2 in the air
where does most of the matter in organic carbons come from
molecular
involving structure or behavior of molecules
molecular
identify at which level this process occurs: genes and alleles
molecular
identify at which level this process occurs: organic molecules
molecular
identify at which level this process occurs: channel proteins
molecular
identify at which level this process occurs: ion gradients
molecular
identify at which level this process occurs: DNA structure
cellular
processes performed by cells
cellular
identify at which level this process occurs: cellular respiration
cellular
identify at which level this process occurs: fermentation
cellular
identify at which level this process occurs: photosynthesis
cellular
identify at which level this process occurs: diffusion
cellular
identify at which level this process occurs: ATP synthase
cellular
identify at which level this process occurs: Energy
cellular
identify at which level this process occurs: role of gradients
cellular
identify at which level this process occurs: organelles
cellular
identify at which level this process occurs: prokaryotes v. eukaryotes
organismal
physiology of plants, animals, fungi, etc. - how they work
organismal
identify at which level this process occurs: dragonfly size
organismal
identify at which level this process occurs: respiratory system
organismal
identify at which level this process occurs: insect respiration
organismal
identify at which level this process occurs: phenotypes
ecological
interactions between species or between organisms and environment
ecological
identify at which level this process occurs: O2 selection on body size
ecological
identify at which level this process occurs: species interaction
ecological
identify at which level this process occurs: predation
ecological
identify at which level this process occurs: decomposition
ecological
identify at which level this process occurs: fungi breaking down lignin
ecological
identify at which level this process occurs: carbon cycle
ecological
identify at which level this process occurs: fluctuation of O2 level
ecological
identify at which level this process occurs: coal formation
evolutionary
topics related to change over time
evolutionary
identify at which level this process occurs: natural selection
evolutionary
identify at which level this process occurs: selection of body size
evolutionary
identify at which level this process occurs: deep time
evolutionary
identify at which level this process occurs: allele frequencies
evolutionary
identify at which level this process occurs: history of life
8846 meters
recall the elevation of Mt. Everest
death zone
the zone above 8000m. O2 level is only 1/3 of sea level meaning that the body uses up oxygen faster than it can replenish it
india and mongolia
what are the places Bar Headed Geese migrate between
they fly above the himalayas
what is remarkable about the migration of Bar Headed Geese
inhalation
brings air inside
O2 diffusion to RBC
what occurs after inhalation
hemoglobin
what does O2 bind to
O2 released from hemoglobin
what happens in order for O2 to be diffused to cells
cellular respiration
what process is O2 used in during the process of respiration
hemoglobin
what is CO2 dissolved in after cellular respiration
blood
what is used to transport CO2 and non oxygenated RBC back to the lung
exhalation
CO2 diffusion into air
gas exchange
gas crossing respiratory surfaces (O2 into the bloodstream)
tidal volume
the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle
vital capacity
max volume of air inhaled and exhaled when breathing hard
alveoli
tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles. where gas exchange takes place. huge surface area
ventilation
breathing
close contact of air and blood, large surface area, capillary network runs on outside of alveoli
what makes diffusion within alveoli so affective
2 cells
what is the thickness separating RBC and air
high to low
diffusion moves O2 and CO2 from _______________ concentrations
air to blood
which way does O2 move
blood to air
which way does CO2 move
hemoglobin
what does O2 bind to in RBC
lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
what are the 6 respiratory organs
lungs
one of a pair of organs in the chest that supplies the body with O2, and removes CO2 from body
trachea
airway that leads from larynx to bronchi
bronchi
large air passages that lead from trachea to lungs
bronchioles
tiny branch of air tubes in the lungs
alveolar ducts
narrow ending of bronchioles that opens into a cluster of alveoli
capillary network around alveoli
where gas exchange from air goes into RBC
residual lung volume
air in your lungs that is not exchanged
keeps alveoli open, allows for continual gas exchange to occur between breaths
what is the purpose of residual lung volume
21 kPa
atmospheric PO2 at sea level
.04 kPa
atmospheric PCO2 at sea level
12 kPa
PO2 in lungs
5 kPa
PCO2 in lungs
residual lung volume is mostly CO2
why is the PCO2 in lungs much higher than in atmosphere
your body is using the gases, air is humidified in lungs, CO2 is mixing with O2, mixing of used air with fresh air in lungs
what are some reasons for the large difference between atmospheric and lung partial pressure values
yes
is the composition of air the same at all atmospheric levels
atmospheric pressure is less
why is there different partial pressures at different atmospheric levels
100 kPa
atmospheric pressure at sea level
78 kPa
PN2 at sea level
33.7 kPa
atmospheric level in himalayas
26 kPa
PN2 in himalayas
7 kPa
PO2 in himalayas
.01 kPa
PCO2 in himalayas
concentration of gas
percentage of air made up of that gas
partial pressure
concentration times atmospheric pressure
alpha carbon in middle, carbon backbone, connected by peptide bonds
what are three similarities between amino acids
R group, folding/interaction, structures
what are three differences between amino acids