Cell Bio Final

Which one of the below is not considered to be a "Hallmark" of cancer?

auto-Phosphorylation

A metastasis is?

A secondary tumor in a different part of the body that arises from a cell from the primary tumor

Cancer cells have the ability for sustained angiogenesis, what does angiogenesis refer to?

the ability to induce new blood vessel formation

Which one of the following statements about cancer is false?

A mutation in a single cancer-critical gene is sufficient to convert a normal cell into a cancer cell

_____is/are the driving force behind cancer

Mutations

Cigarette smoke contains over 70 carcinogens and 100s(1000s) of mutagens. If you smoke, you will 100% get cancer

false

A malignant tumor is more dangerous than a benign tumor because...

Its cells invade other tissues

Proteins are transported into the Golgi apparatus via...

transport vesicles

Which of the following statements about membrane-enclosed organelles is true?

In a typical cell the area of the ER membrane far exceeds the area of the plasma membrane

How does a protein that is destined to function embedded within the plasma membrane get to that location?

The protein is inserted into a transport vesicle that arises from the endoplasmic reticulum then taken directly to the plasma membrane

Which of the following regarding a mutagen and a carcinogen is true?

More than one of the above is correct

What is the first event that happens immediately after a chemical signaling molecule binds to receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)?

Binding of signal causes receptors to dimerize

T/F In most cases, signal molecules interact with the cell at the plasma membrane, get physically transported through the membrane, and enter the cell and eventually the nucleus

false

Which one of the following statements concerning receptors is false?

They are also called ligands and/or substrates

Simple nerve reflexes use signaling molecules called

Neurotransmitters

Which one of the below is the correct sequence of events involved in cell signaling

Reception -> Transduction -> Activation of cellular response

transport of vesicles over very short distances occurs by

diffusion

Signal sequences that direct proteins to the correct compartment are

Encoded in the amino acid sequence and sufficient for targeting a protein to its correct destination

Which one of the following statements is true regarding mitochondrial proteins

Chaperone proteins facilitate the movement of proteins across the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes

Most proteins destined to enter the endoplasmic reticulum...

Begin to cross the membrane while still being synthesized

Proteins that are transported to the nucleus enter the nucleus in their_____ state

folded

Where are proteins in the chloroplast synthesized?

in both the cytosol and the chloroplast

T/F vesicle budding is driven by the Assembly of a protein coat

true

Which one of the below is the correct order for vesicle formation, transport and final destination?

Vesicle budding -> uncoating -> tethering -> docking -> membrane fusion -> cargo release

Cargo selection, budding, scission, uncoating, transport, tethering, docking, fusion, and disassembly, make up what process

Vesicle mediated transport

An epithelial cell has been affected by an environmental stimulus and releases a signaling molecule into the extracellular matrix, this signaling molecule is received by other epithelial cells around it and the original cell to cause an increase in production of a specific protein within the cells. What type of cell signal did the original cell produce?

More than one of the above is correct

In animals, specialized_________ cells release hormones into the circulatory system, by which they travel to target cells in other parts of the body

endocrine

Which one of the following happens when a G protein-coupled receptor activates a G protein?

the α subunit exchanges it's bound GDP for GTP

If you remove the signaling sequence from A protein that normally is transported to the mitochondria where do you predict the protein will ultimately end up?

In the cytosol

Which of the following choices reflects the appropriate order of the location through which a protein destined for the plasma membrane goes through?

ER -> Golgi -> plasma membrane

proteins that are transported to the mitochondria, enter the mitochondria in their ______ state?

unfolded

Proteins that are fully translated in the cytosol and lack a sorting signal will end up in the_____

cytosol

A receptor on the cell membrane usually has several domains. The function of the internal domain is?

activate a signal transduction pathway inside of the cell

What is the first event that happens after a chemical signaling molecule binds to a RTK?

receptors dimerize

Which of the following statements is true regarding traffic flow into/out of the nucleus?

more than one of the above is correct

What is the role of the nuclear localization sequence of a nuclear protein?

It enables the protein to enter the nucleus

A common feature of proteins targeted to the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or nucleus is?

They're all translated completely into the cytoplasm

Which of the following organelles/structures is least related to the other from both a structural and functional aspect?

mitochondria

Proteins that have an ER stop-transfer and start transfer amino acid sequences will be found?

Embedded in the ER membrane

One component of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation is auto-phosphorylation. What does auto-phosphorylation refer to?

none of the above are correct

The address information of protein sorting in a eukaryotic cell is the result of?

A specific amino acid sequence that is apart of the protein to be transported

The same signal molecule can induce different responses in different target cells.

true

Which one of the following would occur due to a base substitution mutation in the promoter of a gene?

the amino acid sequence?

A, B, C, D, E, F, and G represent large segments of a particular chromosome. What type of mutation would be indicated in the below scenario?

Normal chromosome: 5' - A B C D E F G - 3'

Altered chromosome: 5' - A B F E D C G - 3'

Inversion

Which of the below is a type of chromosomal mutation?

All of the above are correct

Do all of DNA mutations have a negative/bad outcome?

No

A base substitution mutation in a gene sometimes has no effect on the proteins the gene codes for. Which of the following factors could account for this?

Some amino acids have more than one codon.

Which one of the following statements in false?

A mutation in expressed DNA will always produce an altered protein that will be lethal to the cell

Proteins that are transported to the chloroplast, enter the chloroplast in their ____state.

Unfolded

A recent study has shown that vesicle docking proteins (SNAREs) were found in the outer members of the mitochondria in a cell. What are the implications of this finding?

This suggests that vesicles budding from the ER or golgli fuse with mitochondria

How does a protein that is destined to function embedded within the plasma membrane get to that location?

the protein is initially inserted into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum

If a protein has an ER retention signal, it will ultimately be found in the?

endoplasmic reticulum

Which one of the following statements about membrane-enclosed organelles is true?

In a typical cell, the area of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane far exceeds the area of the plasma membrane

The transport vesicles over very short distances occurs by?

diffusion

A G-protein coupled receptor associates with a G protein that contains how many subunits?

3

What do enzyme linked receptors and growth factor receptors have in common?

Both possess kinase activity when bound to a hormone

Following its initial activation, how does a G protein become inactivated?

The G protein, a subunit GTP, is hydrolyzed to GDP allowing reassociation of the G-protein a subunit and By dimer

What do synaptic signaling and paracrine signaling have in common?

Cells release a signal that affects neighboring cells.

Hormones are released from one cell and act on other cells in distinct organs and are thus an example of

endocrine signaling

c-Myc is a GTP-binding proteins that is often defective in cancer cells. A common mutation found in the cancer cells causes the c-Myc protein to behave as though it were bound to GTP all the time, which will cause cells to divided inappropriately. From this description, the normal version of the c-Myc gene that results in the normal c-Myc protein being made is called?

A proto-oncogene

Cancer is generally considered a disease of aging. Why?

The longer we live, the greater the accumulation of mutations.

In order for those genes that exhibit a loss of function involved in the cancer process, both alleles of the gene must be inactivated in order to produce a loss of function.

True

Cancer involves several genetic alterations that result in?

More than one of the above is correct.

Which one of the following correctly describes nonsense mutations?

They convert a codon for a particular amino acid within a gene into a stop codon

which of the following would result in a frameshift mutation?

More than one of the above is correct

Which one of the following statements is the correct order of locations through which a protein destined for the plasma membrane travels?

Endoplasmic reticulum -> golgi -> plasma membrane

in some cases, just a few hormone molecules binding to the surface of a cell can trigger a very large response because

the signal is amplifies by activation of enzymes that each catalyze multiple reactions

G proteins are activated when bound to GDP

False

Which one of the following genetic changes cannot convert a photo-oncogene into an oncogene?

a mutation that introduces a stop codon immediately after the codon for the initiator methionine

in the cellular regulatory pathways that control normal cell growth and proliferation, the products of a proto-oncogenes are stimulatory components and the products of tumor suppressor genes are inhibitory components.

True

it is clear from studies in mice that mutagenic activation of a single oncogene is sufficient to convert a normal cell into a cancer cell

false