BIO323 Great Swamp Exam

Botany and taxonomy ID Final eval

Rosa rugosa - Beach rose - Rosaceae

Seaside shrub with bright pink (or white) 5-petaled flowers. Stems densely covered with bristly thorns. Leaves thick and rugs with large winged stipule. Large red rose hips.

Morella pensylvanica - Northern bayberry - Myricaceae

Shurb with simple, entire leaves, slightly toothed at the tip. leaves are often shiny, Flowers and waxy fruit located on the stem below the leaves. distinctive bayberry odor

Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium - Rabbit_tobacco -Asteraceae

White flowers in terminal cluster, narrow leaves tomatoes on back. Maple-like odor when dried

Lathyrus japonicus - Beach-pea - Fabaceae

Herbaceous vine with thick blue green compound leaves. climbs by tendrils. long arrow-shaped stipules. Clusters of purple/pink flowers. grows on dunes

Juniperus virginiana - Eastern red cedar - Cupressaceae

Evergreen tree with dark green scaly leaves. Blue berries, reddish shreddy bark. Fragrant foliage and wood

Solidago sempervirens - Seaside goldenrod -Asteraceae

Tall sand dune herb with fleshy, glabrous (smooth), entire leaves. bright yellow flowers in late summer

Lonicera morrowii - Morrow’s honeysuckle -Caprifoliaceae

Shrub with oval opposite leaves. leaves have soft hairs. red (or orange) fruit in pairs. Bark shreds, pith hollow

Baccharis halimifolia - Groundsel tree - Asteraceae

tall salt marsh shrub with alternate, coarsely toothed, succulent leaves that come to a point. white flowers turn to fuzz hanging after bloom in fall

Pinus thunbergii - Japanese black pine - Pinaceae

Trees with bent twisting trunk, often multiple stems. two long, heavy dk. green needles per fascicle. fimbriate bundle sheaths

Parthenocissus quinquefolia - Virginia creeper - Vitaceae

Slender vine with 5-parted palmately compound leaves. Clings using tendrils with “suction cups” on the tips. Red fall color

Elaegnus umbellata - Autumn olive - Elaeagnaceae

Large shrub/small tree with alternative leaves, green with some silver scales on upper leaf surface, silver below. fruit red-orange and edible

Iva frutescens - Marsh elder - Asteraceae

Low salt marsh shrub with opposite toothed, fleshy leaves. greenish flowers. found at the high tide line, just above black grass

Suaeda maritima -herbaceous seepweed -Amaranthaceae

succulent herb with alternate pale green leaves. Brilliant red fall color. grows in salt panned and high marsh

Salicornia depressa - slender glasswort - Amaranthaceae

small, succulent salt marsh herb. stems appear to be sectioned. edible, and often used in salads or sold as “sea beans”. red fall color

Distichlis spicata - spikegrass - Poaceae

Salt marsh grass is narrow leaves that alternate in one plane (=distichous). bluer in color than the cordgrasses and often dominates salt pannes

Limonium carolinianum - Carolina sea lavender -Plumbaginaceae

Salt marsh herb with long undulating leaves in a basal rosette. Lavender flowers bloom on a wiry inflorescence in late summer. grows with smooth cordgrass

Sporogolus pumilus - salt meadow cordgrass - Poaceae

Salt marsh grass found in middle marsh. very narrow leaves. lodges to form “cowlicks”. inflorescence of a few one sided spikes.

Sporobolus alterniflorus - smooth cordgrass -Poaceae

Salt marsh grass that grows in the low marsh, closest to salt water. leaf blades wide flat and smooth

Daucus carota - Queen Anne’s lace - Apiaceae

Herb with lacy leaves that taper towards the tips. white flowers arranged in an umbel usually with one dark purple flower at the center

Eragrostis spectabilis - purple love grass - Poaceae

low growing grass of disturbed areas and roadsides. ;eaves long and tapering to a point. panicles broad and erect, pink to purple and airy. panicles detach during the fall

Oenothera biennis - evening primrose - Onagraceae

tall herb with long leaves. Four petalled yellow flowers with cross-shaped stigma. leaves are reddish especially towards the bottom

Vincetoxicum nigrum - black swallow wort -Apocynaceae

Herbaceous vine. Dark green, opposite heart shaped leaves. Tiny 5 petaled flowers form a pair of green follicles. Exotic invasive

Prunus serotina - Wild black cherry - Rosaceae

Tree with narrow, alternate leaves with fine serrations. brown hairs along midridb on underside of leaf. Petiolar glands. Bark dark and chunky

small forest flower herb with 1-3 alternate leaves. Parallel veins. Small white flower clusters in spring/early summer

Maianthemum canadense - Canada mayflower - Asparagaceae

Tree with distinct smooth gray striped bark that often twists. leaves are oval with serrated margins. white flowers in early spring, red fruit and fall color

Amenlanchier canadensis - shadbush - Rosaceae

tree with alternate leaves with smooth gray bark. Leaves feel like paper. Nuts, when present, bristly and split in two

Fagus grandifolia - American beech - Fagaceae

Tall shrub with glossy simple evergreen lanceolate leaves. flowers are white, fruit is deep blue to black

Ilex glabra - inkberry - aquilofoliaceae

small to tall shrub with leaves growing in pairs. leaf margins wavy with straight veins. Look for “witches hat” leaf Gails

Hamamelis virginiana - American witch hazel - Hamamelidaceae

Tall evergreen tree with long drooping branchlets with short (1-2cm) needles and large cones

Picea abies - Norway spruce - pinaceae

medium-tall shrub with oblong leaves.

Gaylussacia frondosa - Dangleberry - Ericaceae

Shrub with alternate serrated leaves. Hairs on veins on back of the leaf, and scarlet berries in the fall (common in wet areas)

Ilex verticillata - Winterberry - Aquilofoliaceae

Shrub. alternate dark green leaves. Fragrant 5 petal white flowers covered in sticky hairs

Rhododendron viscosum - Swamp azalea - Ericaceae

Tall fern with twice pinnate leaves.

Osmunda regalis - Royal fern - Osmundaceae

Quercus palustris - Pin oak - Fagaceae

Herb with alternate toothed leaves and rose purple flowers.

Centaurea jacea - Brown knapweed - Asteraceae

many colored moss present in bogs and other wet habitats. Forms dense colonies

Sphagnum spp. - Sphagnum moss - Sphagnaceae

tall sedge that has long leafy bracts. flower stalks radiate from top of plant and then branch again. Fuzzy brown fruit

Scirpus cyperinus - Woolgrass - Cyperaceae

Medium sized rush with flowers and fruits emerging from one side of the stem. Grows in large clumps in wet soil

Juncus effusus - soft rush - Juncaceae

Evergreen tree with scale-like leaves clustered at the branch ends. Brown shady bark. Tiny spherical cones. Grows in wet areas

Chamaecyparis thyoides - Atlantic white cedar - Cupressaceae

large tree with dark green bark and drooping branches. Soft, flat needles white striped on the back

Tsuga canadensis - Eastern Hemlock - Pinaceae

Tall herb with opposite leaves and square stems. strong and pleasant odor and taste. Toothed leaves minty green with new leaves being a white or silvery color.

Pycnanthemum muticum - Clustered mountainmint - Lamiaceae

Gray, branching lichen that grows in soft clumps on the ground. Can form large colonies, or be limited to a small area

Cladonia rangiferina - reindeer moss - Cladoniaceae

Tall grass (10-15ft!) that grows in wet places. Large leaves

Phragmites australis - Common reed - Poaceae

Floating aquatic herb with notched leaves green above and reddish below. Showy white flowers + sweetly scented

Nymphaea odorata - American white waterlily - Nymphaeaceae

Herb with arching habit that has leaves in whorls of 3 (sometimes 4) along the stem. Stem is pencil-like with 5 petaled magenta flowers

Decodon verticillatus - Swamp loosestrife - Lythraceae

Widespread grass of old fields and NE roadsides. 1-5ft tall. New foliage is erect and blue-green. Wine-red fall color

Schizachyrium scoparium - Little bluestem - Poaceae

Pine with three stout yellow-green needles in the fascicle. needles often growing directly from the bark

Pinus rigida - Pitch pine - Panacea

Fern-like shrub with dark-green, leathery, and lobed like leaves. Strongly aromatic. Fronts are round and hair. Found in dry locations

Comptonia peregrina - Sweet fern - Myricaceae

Small shrub of dry osoils with bright yellow flowers. leaves are trifoliate and turn indigo color in late season. Black pod

Baptisia tinctoria - Yellow wild indigo - Fabaceae

Shrub with compound leaves with entire leaflets. shiny leaves with winged rachis. Fall color is a brilliant shade of red

Rhus copallinum - Shining sumac - Anacardiaceae

Herb with highly dissected lace-like leaves. White flowers arranged in flat inflorescence. Fresh leaves form late season rosette

Achillea millefolium - Common yarrow - Asteraceae

Tree with dark gray bark, not peeling. Twigs with wintergreen smell/taste. Paired leaves finely toothed with resin dots beneath

Betula lenta - Sweet birch - Betulaceae

Forest herb with yellow clusters of flowers that bloom in leaf axil along a purplish stem in early autumn

Solidago caesia - Bluestem goldenrod - Asteraceae

Large coarse fern with a three-parted frond. Will grow in colonies in drier soils than many other ferns

Pteridium aquilinum - Bracken fern - Dennstaedtiaceae

Dark green moss. Star pattern from above. Sporophytic capsule is box shaped and the cap is hairy, hence the name

Polytrichum commune - Hair cap moss - Polytrichaceae

Low shrub with gray-green leaves, often in whorls of three. leaves are glaucous underneath. Bright pink flowers in the late Spring.

Kalmia angustifolia - Sheep laurel - Ericaceae

Upright perennial herb with trifoliate elongated ovate leaves with long petioles. Entire plant has a downy fuzz. Sparse. long stalked flower heads with pointed tips fade to tan-brown coloration

Lespedeza hirta - Hairy bush clover - Fabaceae

Small herb with dark green, leathery, evergreen leaves whorled along stem and white along the veins. White flowers

Chimaphila maculata - Spotted wintergreen - Ericaceae

Medium shrub that grows in dry woods. Oval, alternate leaves with yellow resin dots on the underside. Resin makes the leaves stick to fingers.

Gaylussacia baccata - Black huckleberry - Ericaceae

remember the pattern towards the top

Carya tomentosa - Mockernut hickory - Juglandaceae

Short rush with round stem. Grows in waste places. Small 6 parted flowers with long and thin bracts

Juncus tenuis - Path rush - Juncaceae

Upright perennial herb with trifoliate ovate leaves and stem covered with silvery hairs. Dense flower heads that are dark brown and persistent

Lespedeza capitata - Roundhead bush clover - Fabaceae

Shrub with tall spikes of foam white flowers. Leaves are alternate and serrated towards the tip. No hair underneath leaves

Spiraea alba - White meadowsweet - Rosaceae

Small shrub that grows in a single stalk. Dark green leaves with white tomentose below. Light pink flowers form a “steeple” at the top

Spiraea tomentosa - Steeplebush - Rosaceae

Small tree with glossy-green, triangular leaves. Doubly toothed! tapering to a long tip. Grey-white bark with dark chevrons

Betula populifolia - Gray birch - Betulaceae

Large shrub. Branches with stipulate glands and alternate, 2x serrated pubescent leaves. Male catkins in the fall

Corylus americana - American hazelnut - Betulaceae

Low-growing, shiny leaved evergreen. Smells and tastes like wintergreen. White bell-shaped flowers become a bright red cherry

Gaultheria procumbens - Wintergreen - Ericaceae

Low herb of dry woods with panicles of pink pea flowers, seeds stick to fur and clothes. Compound leaves with three leaflets. Longer sized petioles.

Desmodium marilandicum - Maryland tick trefoil - Fabaceae

Perennial native herb of moist meadows, thickets, and shores. Flower heads of purple rays around a yellow disc from August to October

symphyotrichum novi-belgii - New York aster - Asteraceae

Alternating leaved shrub of the wet woods. Leaves are wider on the top half than bottom half, serrated margins.

Clethra alnifolia - Sweet pepper bush - Clethraceae

Tree. alternative leaves with 3 leaf patterns (egg, mitten, and glove)

Sassafras albidum - Sassafras - Lauraceae

Tree with alternate leaves with round lobes

Quercus alba - White oak - Fagaceae

Lacy fern growing in large colonies, scent of fresh-mown hay. Hairy stem

Dennstaedtia punctilobula - hayscented fern - Dennstaedtiaceae

Common understory shrub. Opposite leaves with coarsely dentate margins. Small white flowers in a flat inflorescence, dark blue fruits

Viburnum dentatum - Arrowwood - Adoxaceae

Tall shrub with opposite, compound leaves. large clusters of small white flowers

Sambucus nigra - Common elderberry - Adoxaceae

Arching shrub with alternate compound leaves (usually 3 leaflets) with a white underside. Stem glaucous with stout prickles

Rubus occidentalis - black raspberry - Rosaceae

Tall shrub. Alternate oval leaves. Bark often reddish-brown and shreds.

Vaccinium corymbosum - Highbush blueberry - Ericaceae

Sprawling plant with alternative dark green shiny leaves. White, 5 parted flowers. Stems have sharp, bristly hairs.

Rubus hispidus - Bristly dewberry - Rosaceae

Tree with alternative leaves that have pointy bristle tip lobes. fuzz on the undersides of leaves. Sun leaves are more deeply cut than shaded leaves.

Quercus velutina - Black oak - Fagaceae

Dioecious shrub or tree. Dull evergreen leaves with outward pointing spines. Red berries

Ilex opaca - American holly - Aquifoliaceae

Understory plant that looks like a baby pine tree. Has microphylls (leaves) along the stem and strobili (pine cones)

Lycopodium obscurum - Princess pine - Lycopodiaceae

Tall pine tree with long, thin needles (5in a fascicle). Older bark chocolate brown colouration

Pinus strobus - White pine - Pinaceae

Stout thorny vine with green stems. Leaves shiny, round and green below. Climbs by tendrils

Smilax rotundifolia - Greenbriar - Smilacaceae

Grass-like sedge which forms large colonies in the forest understory. Has “edges” and red leaf bases.

Carex pensylvanica - Penn sedge - Cyperaceae

Shrub with arching stems and spatulate leaves in clusters on the branches. Straight spines.

Berberis thunbergii - Japanese bayberry - Berberidaceae

Invasive perennial herb with alternate, simple, trangular/heart shaped leaves and fleshy stems topped with white flowers in the fall

Reynoutria japonica - Japanese knotweed - Polygonaceae

Large fern. Fertile frond from center of plant dies back by summer. Sterile frond has a tuft of hairs where the pinnae meet the rachis

Osmundastrum cinnamomeum - Cinnamon fern - Osmundaceae

Tree with nearly horizontal branches. Glossy alternate egg-shaped leaves form rosettes at branch ends

Nyssa sylvatica - Black gum - Cornaceae

Very large shrub with very large, thick evergreen oval leaves. Showy light pink/white flowers. Brown shreddy bark

Rhododendron maximum - Rosebay rhododendron - Ericaceae

Tall understory colonizing shrub. Dark leathery evergreen leaves, often white with fungal leaf spots

Kalmia latifolia - Mountain laurel - Ericaceae

Forest understory herb. Compound leaves of 5 leaflets in a whorl of 3. Spherical clusters of flowers sit in a group of 3 under the leaves

Aralia nudicaulis - Wild sarsaparilla - Araliaceae

Common herb with alternate coarse toothed heart shaped leaves on a dark stem. Ray flowers white and disk flower yellow

Eurybia divaricata - White wood aster - Asteraceae

Perennial colony forming herb with hairy stems, leaves are triple veined and pubescent

Solidago altissima - Tall goldenrod - Asteraceae

Herb with alternate deeply dissected leaves, purple grooved stem with hairs and distinctive sagebrush smell

Artemisia vulgaris - Mugwort - Asteraceae

Tall grass with digitate inflorescence and bent awns.

Andropogon gerardii - Big bluestem - Poaceae

Tall native meadow grass with wide bluish leaves, arching russet panicles, long glumes and awns.

Sorghastrum nutans - Indian grass - Poaceae

Grass with long leaf blades that have very fine serration on the edges. Ligule a fringe of hairs. Also known as Guard Rail Grass since it is commonly located on street sides.

Panicum virgatum - Switchgrass - Poaceae

Vine with alternate rounded leaves (leaves have pointy tip). Invasive ahhhhh plant #nocap

Celastrus orbiculatus - Bittersweet - Celastraceae

Shrub with opposite simple oval leaves. White flowers with four petals, smells nice

Ligustrum ovalifolium - Privet - Oleaceae

Large opposite leaves with ~7 main points. Milky sap, bark is smooth gray when young

Acer plantanoides - Norway maple - Sapindaceae