CHEM 40A - Bertrand

Functional groups, biomolecules, ch9 phosphate stuff, other vocab terms

1-carbon chain

meth-

2-carbon chain

eth-

3-carbon chain

prop-

4-carbon chain

but-

7-carbon chain

hept-

alkene

alkene

alkyne

alkyne

arene

X = any halide

alkyl halide

X = any halide

alkyl halide

X = any halide

alkyl halide

alcohol

alcohol

ether

ether

thiol

thiol

amine

amine

carbonyl group

aldehyde

aldehyde

ketone

ketone

carboxylic acid

carboxylic acid

ester

ester

amide

amide

ammonia

primary amine

secondary amine

tertiary amine

quaternary ammonium ion

primary alcohol

secondary alcohol

tertiary alcohol

phosphoric acid

phosphoric acid

phosphate (-3 charge)

phosphate ester

phosphate diester

phosphate anhydride

lipid (fatty acid) - hydrocarbon chain with carboxylic acid at the end

lipid (fat/ oil) - fatty acids linked by an ester group

lipid (wax) - fatty acid linked to long chain alcohols through ester group

isoprene, found in lipids (isopropenoids)

lipid (ispropenoid)

carbohydrate - multiple alcohols and a ketone/ aldehyde group

carbohydrate

carbohydrate

amino acid

amino acid

peptide/ protein

conjugated/ conjugated bonds

has alternating single/ double bonds OR has a resonance structure w/ alternating single/ double bonds (strong)

minor resonance contributor

higher in energy than the lowest energy resonance form (there may be multiple)

aromatic

1. cyclic

2. all atoms are planar (sp2 hybridized)

3. 4n+2 electrons that belong to pi bonds

4. conjugated (including lone pairs/ vacant orbitals)

constitutional isomers

same molecular formula, but atoms are arranged differently (bonds are broken between the two isomers)

conformations/ conformers

different arrangements of atoms by rotating around a single bond;

there are anti, eclipsed, gauche, and eclipsed (least stable) conformers

steric strain

strain on a molecule that comes from atoms/ groups try and occupy the same space (meaning gauche is better than anti)

torsional strain

strain due to the twisting of a single bond

stereoisomers

molecules with the same bonds but different 3D geometry (like cis vs trans, axial vs equitorial)

enantiomers

mirror image molecules; aren’t able to be put on top of one another and overlap completely (opposite configs at all chiral centers)

must have chiral centers

diastereomers

have an opposite configuration at some chiral centers but not all

meso compounds

alpha D is zero

achiral compounds with chiral centers; they have a plane of symmetry

E substituents

higher priority is on opposite sides (~trans)

Z substituents

higher priority is on the same side (~cis)

IHD

[(2n+2)-A]/2

n = carbon

A = H + halogens - N - net charge

level of unsaturation

nucleophile

electron-rich species that bonds by donating a pair of electrons (lewis base)

electrophile

electron-poor species that accept a pair of electrons (vacant orbital, positive charge)

transition state

point where the bonds are in the process of breaking/ forming

-I (inductive) effect

a molecule with electronegative atom pulls the negative dipole towards it and decentralizes other electronegative charges (weakening base)

+I (inductive) effect

electron-releasing groups “push” negative charges towards electronegative atoms and increase polarity (strengthening base)

inorganic phosphate (p_i)

inorganic pyrophosphate (PP_i)

organic phosphate (R-OP)

organic diphosphate (R-OPP)