History 2021 November Paper 2 Markscheme

What was a major outcome of the October Revolution in 1917?

The Bolshevik seizure of power leading to the formation of the USSR.

What treaty redrew European borders after WWI?

The Treaty of Versailles (1919).

What impact did WWI have on European empires?

The collapse of empires like the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, German, and Russian, leading to power vacuums and new fragile democracies.

What was one of the consequences of WWII in Europe?

The immediate political restructuring and fall of fascist regimes.

What was the impact of population transfers after WWII?

Ethnic Germans were expelled from Eastern Europe, leading to destabilizing political re-organization.

What were the Allied conferences during WWII?

Conferences such as Yalta and Potsdam that set the stage for Cold War alliances.

What economic issue did Germany face after WWI?

Massive inflation and economic collapse, particularly seen during the hyperinflation in 1923.

How did the Great Depression relate to WWII?

The aftermath of the Great Depression shaped the war recovery and economic instability in Europe.

What significant demographic trend occurred after WWI?

The 'Lost Generation' with millions of young men dead affecting birth rates and labor force.

What was the psychological impact of WWI on soldiers?

Recognition of 'shell shock' (PTSD) in soldiers, leading to new awareness of mental health in war contexts.

What was a major social effect of WWII regarding women?

Women took on industrial and military jobs, but some were pushed back into domestic roles post-war.

What was the scale of forced migration after WWII?

Approximately 12-14 million ethnic Germans were expelled from Eastern Europe.

What significant event occurred as a result of the Holocaust after WWII?

The accelerated push for a Jewish homeland leading to the foundation of Israel in 1948.

What was one of the immediate consequences of urban bombing during WWII?

Destruction of cities and resulting homelessness became a short-term priority for urban rebuilding.