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_____ is the overall set of expectations held by an individual with respect to what he or she will contribute to an organization and what the organization will provide in return. a. Psychological contract b. Negative emotionality c. Self-efficacy d. Locus of control
a. Psychological contract
Which of the following is true of contributions? a. They are not included in a psychological contract. b. They are what an organization provides to an individual. c. They include job security and recognition. d. They presumably satisfy various needs and requirements of an organization.
d. They presumably satisfy various needs and requirements of an organization.
Which of the following is an example of an inducement? a. Loyalty b. Ability c. Skill d. Status
d. Status
_____ is the relatively permanent set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another. a. Image diversity b. Personality c. A psychological contract d. A collective mosaic
b. Personality
Which of the following is true of agreeableness? a. It is the number of things a person can effectively work on at one time. b. It allows people to have broad interests and to be curious, imaginative, and creative. c. It is the extent to which a person is poised, calm, resilient, and secure. d. It causes some people to be gentle, cooperative, and good-natured in their dealings with others.
d. It causes some people to be gentle, cooperative, and good-natured in their dealings with others.
Scott is an organized, responsible, and self-disciplined employee. He is able to work on multiple projects at a time and submit them error-free within deadlines. Based on this information and according to the "Big Five" personality traits, it can be said that Scott has high levels of _____. a. emotionality b. conscientiousness c. extraversion d. agreeableness
b. conscientiousness
_____ are complexes of beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas, situations, or other people. a. Attitudes b. Inducements c. Perceptions d. Individual differences
a. Attitudes
The conflict individuals experience among their own attitudes is called _____. a. risk propensity b. conscientiousness c. cognitive dissonance d. self-efficacy
c. cognitive dissonance
High levels of job satisfaction: a. lead to high levels of performance. b. are more common in Japan than in the United States. c. lead to more positive contributions. d. are not influenced by personal factors.
c. lead to more positive contributions.
Ralph is an employee at an e-retail company. When he was still new in the company, he came to work late on a regular basis and showed a lot of negligence in his work. As a result, his manager developed a very poor impression of him. Months later, even as Ralph's work showed improvement, his manager continued to overlook his efforts. This is due to _____. a. selective perception b. stereotyping c. negative emotionality d. cognitive dissonance
a. selective perception
_____ is the process of categorizing or labeling people on the basis of a single attribute. a. Prototyping b. Stereotyping c. Specifying d. Detailing
b. Stereotyping
The process of observing behavior and assigning causes to it is known as _____. a. attribution b. categorization c. stereotyping d. identification
a. attribution
_____ is an individual's response to a strong stimulus. a. Dissonance b. Machiavellianism c. Stress d. Attribution
c. Stress
Which of the following is the cycle of the stress process? a. General Adaptation Syndrome b. Selective perception c. Stressor Adaptive Syndrome d. Negative affectivity
a. General Adaptation Syndrome
In stage 2 of the General Adaptive Syndrome, a person: a. panics due to a stressor. b. ignores a stressor. c. resists the effects of a stressor. d. encounters a stressor.
c. resists the effects of a stressor.
The traits shared by most creative people: a. are openness and an attraction to complexity. b. are stress and dependency. c. are positive affectivity and dependency. d. are negative emotionality and an attraction to complexity.
a. are openness and an attraction to complexity.
_____ is a skill that allows people to see similarities among situations, phenomena, or events. a. Divergent thinking b. Convergent thinking c. Vertical thinking d. Cross-functional thinking
b. Convergent thinking
In the creative process, _____ represents a coming together of all the scattered thoughts and ideas that were maturing during incubation. a. insight b. delight c. verification d. preparation
a. insight
_____ is a pattern of action by the members of an organization that directly or indirectly influences organizational effectiveness. a. Positive affectivity b. General adaptation syndrome c. Workplace behavior d. Job satisfaction
c. Workplace behavior
Which of the following is true of performance behaviors? a. They can always be easily measured. b. They are not influenced by intuition. c. They can always be narrowly defined. d. They derive from the psychological contract.
d. They derive from the psychological contract.
Which of the following best describes organizational citizenship? a. It is the behavior of individuals that indicates the unwillingness to work beyond the basic standards of a job. b. It is the behavior of individuals that leads to increased turnover in an organization. c. It is the behavior of individuals that makes a positive overall contribution to an organization. d. It is the total set of work-related behaviors that an organization expects an individual to display.
c. It is the behavior of individuals that makes a positive overall contribution to an organization.
The overall set of expectations held by an individual with respect to what he or she will contribute to the organization and what the organization will provide in return
Psychological Contract
What the individual provides to the organization
Contributions
What the organization provides to the individual
Inducements
The extent to which the contributions made by the individual match the inducements offered by the organization
Person-job Fit
Personal attributes that vary from one person to another
Individual Differences
The relatively permanent set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another
Personality
A popular personality framework based on five key traits
"Big Five" Personality Traits
What are the "Big Five" Personality Traits
Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Negative Emotionality, Extraversion, and Openness
A person's ability to get along with others
Agreeableness
The number of things a person can effectively work on at one time
Conscientiousness
Extent to which a person is poised, calm, resilient, and secure
Negative Emotionality
A person's comfort level with relationships
Extraversion
A person's rigidity of beliefs and range of interests
Openness
The degree to which a person believes that his or her behavior has a direct impact on the consequences of that behavior
Locus of Control
An individual's beliefs about her or his capabilities to perform a task
Self-efficacy
The extent to which a person believes that power and status differences are appropriate within hierarchical social systems like organizations
Authoritarianism
Behavior directed at gaining power and controlling the behavior of others
Machiavellianism
The extent to which a person believes that he or she is a worthwhile and deserving individual
Self-esteem
The degree to which an individual is willing to take chances and make risky decisions
Risk Propensity
The extent to which people are self-aware, manage their emotions, motivate themselves, express empathy for others, and possess social skills
emotional Intelligence
Complexes of beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas, situations, or other people
Attitudes
Caused when an individual has conflicting attitudes
Cognitive Dissonance
An attitude that reflects the extent to which an individual is gratified by or fulfilled in his or her work
Job Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction
An attitude that reflects a person's identification with and attachment to the organization itself
Organizational Commitment
The extent to which an employee sees him or herself as part of the organization, actively looks for ways to contribute to the organization, and is involved with the organization in multiple ways
Organizational Engagement
A tendency to be relatively upbeat and optimistic, have an overall sense of well-being, see things in a positive light, and seem to be in a good mood
Positive Affectivity
A tendency to be generally downbeat and pessimistic, see things in a negative way, and seem to be in a bad mood
Negative Affectivity
The set of processes by which an individual becomes aware of and interprets information about the environment
Perception
The process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs
Selective Perception
The process of categorizing or labeling people on the basis of a single attribute
Stereotyping
The process of observing behavior and attributing causes to it
Attribution
A person's response to a strong stimulus, which is called a stressor
Stress
General cycle of the stress process
General Adaptation Syndrome
Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion
Individuals who are extremely competitive, very devoted to work, and have a strong sense of time urgency
Type A
Individuals who are less competitive, less devoted to work, and have a weaker sense of time urgency
Type B
The ability of an individual to generate new ideas or to conceive of new perspectives on existing ideas
Creativity
A pattern of action by the members of an organization that directly or indirectly influences organizational effectiveness
Workplace Behavior
The total set of work-related behaviors that the organization expects the person to display
Performance Behaviors
When a person does not show up for work
Absenteeism
When people quit their jobs
Turnover
The behavior of individuals that makes a positive overall contribution to the organization
Organizational Citizenship
Those that detract from, rather than contribute to, organizational performance
Dysfunctional Behaviors
Which of the following is true of inducements? a. They vr to the total number of years an employee invests in a company. b. They refer to the competencies an employee brings to an organization. c. They refer to what an organization provides to an individual. d. They refer to the business environment factors in an organization.
c. They refer to what an organization provides to an individual.
Which of the following best defines person-job fit? a. It is the extent to which a person is poised, calm, resilient, and secure. b. It is the relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish one person from another. c. It is the overall set of expectations held by an individual with respect to what he or she will contribute to an organization and what the organization will provide in return. d. It is the extent to which the contributions made by an individual match the inducements offered by an organization.
d. It is the extent to which the contributions made by an individual match the inducements offered by an organization.
Which of the following is a reason for imprecise person-job fits. a. Both people and organizations change. b. Organizations hire new employees. c. Performance dimensions are difficult to measure in subjective ways. d. Employees expect a lot of favors from their managers.
a. Both people and organizations change.
Which of the following is a characteristic of extraverts? a. They are sociable, talkative, and assertive. b. They are willing to change their own ideas as a result of new information. c. They are disorganized, careless, and irresponsible. d. They are gentle, cooperative, forgiving, and understanding.
a. They are sociable, talkative, and assertive.
_____ refers to a person's rigidity of beliefs and range of interests. a. Extraversion b. Conscientiousness c. Agreeableness d. Openness
d. Openness
According to the Myers-Briggs framework, individuals of the _____ type enjoy the process and open-ended situations. a. thinking b. perceiving c. judging d. sensing
b. perceiving
_____ is an attitude that reflects the extent to which an individual is gratified by or fulfilled in his or her work. a. Cognitive dissonance b. Positive affectivity c. Organizational engagement d. Job satisfaction
d. Job satisfaction
Aiko's friends say that Aiko is always in a good mood. She is upbeat and optimistic and has an overall sense of well-being. Which of the following is true of Aiko? a. She has high levels of Machiavellianism. b. She has low risk propensity. c. She often experiences cognitive dissonance. d. She has a higher degree of positive affectivity.
d. She has a higher degree of positive affectivity.
_____ is an attitude that reflects an individual's identification with and attachment to an organization itself. a. Cognitive dissonance b. Job satisfaction c. Organizational engagement d. Organizational commitment
d. Organizational commitment
_____ is the set of processes by which an individual becomes aware of and interprets information about his or her environment. a. Transformation b. Repression c. Awareness d. Perception
d. Perception
Which of the following is true of stereotyping? a. It is an individual's response to a strong stimulus. b. It allows us to disregard minor bits of information. c. It depends on consensus and consistency. d. It can be efficient in certain forms.
d. It can be efficient in certain forms.
Which of the following is true of attribution? a. It is higher in people with more negative affectivity. b. It is formed around a framework of consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness. c. It is the process of categorizing people on the basis of a single attribute. d. It is the process of screening out information that one is uncomfortable with.
b. It is formed around a framework of consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.
Which of the following is true of Type A individuals? a. They are extremely competitive and very devoted to work. b. They are less likely to experience conflict with other people. c. They work at a slow pace without time urgency. d. They are less likely to experience stress than Type B individuals.
a. They are extremely competitive and very devoted to work.
Julian is a top manager at a large pharmaceutical firm. His work requires him to make quick decisions, often with incomplete information. He is most likely to experience stress due to _____. a. interpersonal demands b. task demands c. physical demands d. role demands
b. task demands
Which of the following is an example of an interpersonal demand? a. The responsibility of making a critical work-related decision b. Insufficient supply of stationary and other tools required to perform a task c. Ambiguity about the tasks associated with a certain role d. Individuals with conflicting personalities being required to work together
d. Individuals with conflicting personalities being required to work together
_____ is a skill that allows people to see differences among situations, phenomena, or events. a. Cross-functional thinking b. Vertical thinking c. Convergent thinking d. Divergent thinking
d. Divergent thinking
Which of the following is true of the preparation stage of the creative process in business? a. It determines the validity or truthfulness of a creative insight. b. It is the stage during which a creative person achieves a new understanding of the problem. c. It includes the development of a product or service prototype. d. It usually requires formal training and education.
d. It usually requires formal training and education.
An employee at the research division of an automobile firm has an idea for a new type of alloy for the chassis of a car. A prototype of the car that uses this alloy will be developed during the _____ stage of the creative process. a. insight b. preparation c. verification d. incubation
c. verification
_____ are the total set of work-related behaviors that an organization expects an individual to display. a. Performance behaviors b. Task actions c. Interpersonal demands d. Role demands
a. Performance behaviors
Which of the following is true of turnover? a. It is never desirable. b. It decreases when unemployment is low. c. It can cost an organization. d. It has no relation to the labor market.
c. It can cost an organization.
Racial harassment is an example of: a. withdrawal behavior. b. dysfunctional behavior. c. avoidant behavior. d. performance behavior.
b. dysfunctional behavior.
Steps of the Creative Process
Preparation, Incubation, Insight, and Verification
a period of less intense conscious concentration during which the knowledge and ideas acquired during preparation mature and develop during the creative process
Incubation
spontaneous breakthrough in which the creative person achieves a new understanding of some problem or situation
Insight
determines the validity or truthfulness of the insight
Verification
stressors associated with the job setting
Physical Demands
stressors associated with relationships that confront people in organizations
Interpersonal Demands
This is the basis for the other components. It refers to a person's capacity for being aware of how they are feeling
Self-awareness
This refers to a person's capacities to balance anxiety, fear, and anger so that they do not overly interfere with getting things accomplished.
Managing emotions
This dimension refers to a person's ability to remain optimistic and to continue striving in the face of setbacks, barriers, and failure
Motivating Oneself
refers to a person's ability to understand how others are feeling, even without being explicitly told.
empathy
This refers to a person's ability to get along with others and to establish positive relationships.
Social Skill
Four dimensions of Myers-Briggs Framework
Extraversion v. Introversion, Sensing v. Intuition, Thinking v Feeling, and Judging v. Perceiving
Extraversion (E) Versus Introversion (I)
Extraverts get their energy from being around other people, whereas introverts are worn out by others and need solitude to recharge their energy.
Sensing (S) Versus Intuition (N).
The sensing type prefers concrete things, whereas intuitives prefer abstract concepts.
Thinking (T) Versus Feeling (F).
Thinking individuals base their decisions more on logic and reason, whereas feeling individuals base their decisions more on feelings and emotions.