companion animal notecards

how many teeth do puppies have?

28 baby teeth

how many permanent teeth do dogs have?

42 permanent teeth

how many teeth do kittens have?

26 baby teeth

how many permanent teeth do cats have?

30 permanent teeth

pulmonary semilunar valve

• located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
• open during systole; closed during diastole

atrioventricular valve

• valves located between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side of the hear
• prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting
• closed during systole; open during diastole

aortic semilunar valve

• located between the left ventricle and the aorta
• open during systole; closed during diastole

how are tapeworms contracted?

when a dog or cat ingests an infected flea

ticks can transmit:

lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis

Borrelia burgdorferi

causes lyme disease

Ixodes scapularis

deer tick, black legged tick; primary vector of lyme disease

tropical canine pancytopenia

ehrlichiosis; bacterial disease spread via ticks

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

bacteria causing anaplasmosis; tick-borne disease; transmitted by deer tick & western black-legged tick

mosquitoes can transmit:

malaria, yellow fever, filariasis

Dirofilaria immitis

canine heartworm, aka filariasis; parasitic roundworm spread via mosquito bite

systolic blood pressure

measurement of blood pressure taken when the heart is contracting and forcing blood into the arteries (high pressure)

diastolic blood pressure

pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes and ventricles fill with blood (low pressure)

red blood cells

carry oxygen

white blood cells

perform the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms; two groups - granulocytes and agranulocytes

granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

neutrophils

• engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease
• produced in bone marrow
• phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria
• release enzymes that target pathogens

eosinophils

• have the ability to engulf foreign particles into their bodies
• produced in bone marrow
• phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens
• release chemical mediators to destroy parasitic worms

basophils

• a circulating leukocyte that produces histamine
• release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) during inflammatory or allergic reactions
• produced with bone marrow

lymphocytes

• type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections
• two major types: B cells and T cells
• attack pathogens and abnormal/infected cells
• coordinate immune cell activity
• produced and released from lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes, spleen, etc.

b cells

produce antibodies

t cells

activate and help other cells destroy viruses and other foreign material

platelets

blood clotting

blood flow through the heart

vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta

monocytes

• engulfs and destroys foreign material & secrete various proteins that help in the cleanup of inflamed and irritated tissue
• become macrophages when leaving the blood
• phagocytize pathogens, cellular debris, and dead cells
• stored in spleen and bone marrow

puppy resting heart rate

70-220 bpm

canine toy breeds heart rate

70-180 bpm

canine standard heart rate

70-160 bpm

canine giant breeds heart rate

60-140 bpm

kitten heart rate

220-260 bpm

adult cat heart rate

140-220 bpm

normal canine respiratory rate

10-30 breaths/min

impression smear

acquired by applying a clean slide directly to a lesion, ulcer, or pustule

skin scraping

scraping of skin cells done with the edge of a scalpel to acquire a small sample of skin and hopefully accompanying pathogens or parasites

fine needle aspiration

inserting a needle into a mass to collect a sample of the material in the mass

mast cell tumors

most common type of skin cancer in dogs; malignant tumors

lipomas

benign tumors composed of adipocytes (fat cells); only removed in the rare occurrence that they grow too large

scabies (sarcoptic mange)

• contagious skin disease transmitted by the sarcoptes scabiei mite
• zoonotic

walking dandruff

• Cheyletiella mite
• zoonotic

demodetic mange (demodicosis)

demodex mites; cigar-shaped mites; live in hair follicles

ear mites

otodectes cynotis

otitis

inflammation of the ear

roundworm

ascarids

hookworms

ancylostomas

whipworms

trichuris

tapeworms

cestodes; develop in fleas and are transmitted to dogs & cats when they ingest an infected flea

coccidia

- protozoans that infect the intestine
- contracted from fecal-contaminated soil

adjuvants

substances that, when added to a noninfectious vaccine, stimulate a stronger immune response in the animal

canine permanent teeth

2(I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 4/4 M 2/3) \= 42

canine deciduous teeth

2(I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 3/3) \= 28

cat deciduous teeth

2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 3/2) \= 26

cat permanent teeth

2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 3/2, M 1/1) \= 30

ventricular systole

ventricles contract and eject blood (high pressure)

ventricular diastole

ventricles relax and fill with blood (low pressure)

sinoatrial node

• ceiling of right atrium
• "pacemaker"
• generates electrical impulse; sets heart rate

atrioventricular node

• floor of right atrium
• delays electrical impulse, allowing atria to finish contracting and empty into ventricles before ventricles contract

artery

carry blood away from the heart

elastic artery

• largest arteries
• contain lots of elastin protein fibers (stretch and recoil)
• closest to heart

muscular artery

• thick layer of smooth muscle within wall of arteries → innervated by autonomic motor system
• vasoconstrict and vasodilate
• most named arteries

vasoconstriction

decreasing the diameter of blood vessels to reduce blood flow

vasodilation

increasing the diameter of small arteries to increase blood flow to tissues

arterioles

• smallest arteries
• thin layer of smooth muscle in wall

capillaries

• smallest blood vessels
• simple squamous → quick diffusion
• gas and nutrient exchange

vein

bring blood back to the heart

venules

• smallest veins
• companion vessels to arterioles
• brings blood away from capillaries

medium veins

• companion vessels to muscular arteries
• contain valves to prevent backflow of blood

large veins

• companion vessels to elastic arteries
• closest to heart
• drop blood into right atrium

tunica interna

• innermost layer of a blood vessel wall
• simple squamous

tunica media

• middle layer of blood vessel wall
• smooth muscle (vasoconstriction and vasodilation)

tunica externa

• outermost layer of blood vessel wall
• connective tissue - collagen and elastin fibers

coronary circulation

blood flow to the heart tissue, supplying it with oxygen and nutrients (not the blood going through chambers)

coronary arteries

• first branches off aorta
• away from chambers of heart to heart tissue
• supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue)

coronary sinus

• receives venous blood
• goes directly to the right atrium
• between left atrium + left ventricle

celiac trunk

supplies blood to liver, stomach, pancreas, or spleen

superior mesenteric artery

supplies blood to the small intestine

inferior mesenteric artery

supplies blood to the large intestine

external iliac artery

supplies blood to lower limbs (leg)

internal iliac artery

supplies blood to the pelvic region

internal carotid artery

supplies blood to the brain

vertebral artery

artery that travels through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae to the brain

external carotid artery

supplies blood to the skin and muscles of the face

anterior tibial artery

supplies blood to the anterior lower leg

posterior tibial artery

supplies blood to the posterior lower leg

vertebral vein

drains blood from the brain

facial vein

drains blood from skin + muscles of face

hepatic veins

carry blood away from the liver

renal vein

carry blood away from the kidneys

renal artery

carry blood to the kidneys

internal iliac vein

drains pelvic region

external iliac vein

drains blood from lower limbs (legs)

cephalic vein

• vein on the lateral side of the upper arm
• superficial (sits between muscle and skin)

basilic vein

• vein on the medial side of the upper arm (next to body)
• superficial (sits between muscle and skin)

halitosis

bad breath

pruritus

severe itching of the skin

cherry eye

prolapse of gland of third eyelid in dogs