Syntax
correct structure to assemble words. “Grammar”
Morphology
the study of the bits of language that are linguistically meaningful
Morpheme
the peices or bits of language
Phonology
the part of linguistics that examines sound structures and patterning
Root
Morphemes or ‘bits’ of language that can stand alone (In unhappy, “happy” is the root)
lexis
the total stock of words in a language
phonetics
examines the precise details of speech pronunciation
Prescriptive rules
The way things ‘should’ be in language. This is what the general public is concerned with.
Descriptive Rules
What ‘actually’ happens in language. This is what Linguists are concerned with.
Received Pronunciation
“best English”, no regional or geographic variability
Regional/geographic Variation
Variation in language, accent, and speech sound based on region or geographic location.
McGurk Effect
When face movement does not match the sound heard. This is especially relevant in AI faces/avatars
How does Language “train” us?
some languages don’t require differentiation between sounds, so we lose the ability to perceive and pronounce them. (think of the Korean rice video)
Is language systematic?
yes, language is systematic
What is “priming”
Choosing specific language or tone to lead you to a specific answer. A good example is Loftus and Palmer’s 1974 experiment describing a car collision and how choice of language skewed results of perception of the same visual
Sentence structure is hierarchal, how can you represent this?
Tree or Box Diagram
Form
what a unit of language looks like. Particularly on the basis of its internal structure
Function
how a unit of language behaves within the structure presented.
Constituent
any grammatically coherent component part of a sentence or word.
Pragmatics
The study in which context contributes to the meaning of a word.
medium
channel of communication
mode
type of communication
register approach
how language is expected to be conveyed by certain occupations or in specific circumstances.
Linguistic variable
The natural bounds of language variation. These are signaled by points in which language can vary. eg. different word/sentance structure, same meaning, different social implications (did not vs aint, I am not coming vs I aint comin)
What is Language?
Language is a code that allows us to represent thoughts and ideas by means of sounds or letters.
Articulatory Linguistics
how sound is produced. mouth shapes/ tongue placement
Auditory Linguistics
How the sound is perceived.
Accent Variation
The differences in pronunciation, speech patterns, and dialects among speakers of a language.
Lexical set
A key word which represents a particular vowel. The key word stands for all words with the same vowel sound.
Systemic Differences
Differences in phonological systems between accents that affect meaning— one accent can distinguish sounds that others cannot
Relisational Differences